The Declaration Of Rights And Grievances - 1973 Words

By 1765, at a Stamp Act Congress, all but four colonies were represented as the â€Å"Declaration of Rights and Grievances† was passed. They were determined to let Parliament know that they were equal to British citizens, that there would be no â€Å"taxation without representation,† and all efforts to stop tax on colonists would continue (Kennedy, etal 2011.) Although Lord Rockingham, the predecessor of Grenville, sought to repeal of the Stamp Act, this in no way meant Parliament was conceding their control. In fact, while the Stamp Act was repealed, another called the â€Å"Declaratory Act of 1766,† gave Parliament the authority to make laws binding the American Colonies, â€Å"in all cases whatsoever.† In 1767, George III passed the Townshend Acts to collect tax on glass, lead, paints, paper and, tea. Recognizing that tea was a favorite among the Americans, it ensured greater revenue the British government. Again, the colonists’ rights f or representation were ignored and they started to boycott British goods and ultimately, smuggle tea. When the Quartering Act was passed, which specified that colonists were to give room and board to British troops, tension began to rise. For two years, the colonists tolerated British troops on their soil and their dissatisfaction with the British Parliament and King George III became evident through many violent riots, abusiveness of tax collectors and destruction of property. According to Kennedy, etal (2011), Parliament, continually met withShow MoreRelatedPurpose Of The Declaration Of Independence762 Words   |  4 Pagesin a document titled the Declaration of Independence. July 4th, 1776 marked a salient day in history for all Americans, when our freedom was finally given to us, and we were emancipated from Britain once and for all. The Declaration of Independence emphasizes why The United States of America separated from Britain through the Preamble, Declaration of Natura l Rights, Grievances, and the Attempts to Address Grievances. To begin, the first section of the Declaration of Independence was titledRead MoreDeclaration of Independence Docent Script Essay722 Words   |  3 Pages_________. I will be taking you through the first portion of the tour, which exhibits The Declaration of IndependenceÂâ€"the most cherished document of United States of America . Follow me please. Now does anyone know the date when the document was adopted. (Wait for responses) That is correct; the document was officially adopted on July 4, 1776. The document was formally entitled, The unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen united States of America , and was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson. IfRead MoreGovernmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence Essay867 Words   |  4 Pages1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed a profound foundationRead MoreBehind The United States Constitution1040 Words   |  5 PagesArticles of Confederation were devised to ensure the natural rights of Americans were protected. Several issues surrounded the original Articles of Confederation. The question of how to strengthen the articles seemed to be quite a struggle, until the creation of the Constitution. Not only did the Constitution create stronger guidelines for the new country, but it also partnered with the Declaration of Independence in relieving some grievances of the people. One other important deal that occurred to enableRead MoreEssay On The Grievances Of The Declaration Of Independence934 Words   |  4 PagesHow are the Grievances of the Declaration of Independence addressed in the U.S. Constitution? The Grievances of the Declaration of Independence, written in 1776 primarily by Thomas Jefferson, were the enumerated reasons for the colonists establishing themselves as a nation. There are twenty-seven grievances in the Declaration of Independence, all of which are addressed in the U.S. Constitution for the welfare of the American citizens. While, the 13 original colonies were still under the controlRead MoreThe British Of The Colonists1260 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen constantly ignoring their rights and forcing taxes upon the colonies. This set an outroar in the colonies, especially in Massachusetts. Parliament had created new laws that limited the Massachusetts-bay in shipping and landing goods and also an act that for a better regulation government in this providence. All of the colonists deemed this as â€Å"Impolitic, unjust, and cruel, as well as unconstitutional, and most dangerous and destructive of American rights†(Declaration and Resolves, para. 3) ThisRead MoreThe Economic, Military And Civil Grievances And The Declaration Of Independence1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe economic, military and civil grievances were essential in drafting the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration is one of the most admired and eloquent proclamations in American history. The document’s goal was to announce the independence of the original thirteen colonies by listing grievances concerning the tyranny of King George III of Great Britain. These original colonies were the first to come together to form the United States. It was adopted in its final form on July 4, 1776. TheRead MoreSeneca Falls Convention And New York888 Words   |  4 PagesSeneca Falls Convention was the first woman’s rights convention in the United States. The assembly was organized by many women who were present in abolition and temperance movements, and lasted for two days, July 19–20 on 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York. The convention’s main purpose was to bring attention to unequal treatment of women, and brought about 300 women, including around 40 men. The Seneca Falls Convention played a major role in women’s rights throughout the United States and is composedRead MoreDavid Walker’s Appeal a Logical Extension of the Principals of American Revolution1428 Words   |  6 Pagesstrugg le for their rights they do so not just for themselves but for every one that falls under them. The American Revolution too started off when America came together and began fighting for the rights of its citizens. British indifference towards the grievances of the colonies and the realization by the colonists of their rights eventually led them to secede from Britain. David Walker’s Appeal, similar to the American Revolution, is based on the core principal of equal rights for people of AfricanRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence Essays1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Quang Thai Professor Allison English 101 2 September 2014 Rhetorical Analysis In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the United States, explains to his readers why the colonies chose to abolish Great Britain’s government. His goal is to inform the readers that the government has certain responsibilities to the governed and that the British failed to adhere to its responsibilities to its colonists. His second goal is to justify their actions by explaining

Inflammation Is The Immune System - 902 Words

Inflammation is the immune system’s response to injury or infection. Acute inflammation is characterized by five signs, namely the redness, swelling, excessive heat, sometimes the loss of function, and mild to extreme pain. This process is the body’s attempt to protect us, to repair what was damaged and to begin its natural healing process. The symptoms will subside when that part of the body is healed. However, when inflammation persists, resulting in a progressive destruction of tissues deep inside the body, it causes serious illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, dementia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. In the case of Alzheimer’s disease, for example, there is chronic inflammation happening in the patient’s brain. This kind of inflammation is difficult to spot because there is no normal signs of inflammation, such as pain and swelling. Fortunately, there are a multitude of biochemicals, the most famous of them are the cytokines, that are important participants in the inflammation process. For example, in the case of Alzheimer’s disease, we can use these chemicals as inflammation markers to predict cognitive decline and the development of dementia. Sugar is the culprit for most chronic illnesses. We now recognize that excess sugar molecules in the bloodstream can combine with proteins and certain fats to produce compounds, called glycation end products (AGEs), which the body does not recognize as normal. The immune response sets off inflammation reactions. ExcessShow MoreRelatedCan Depression Be Caused By Infection?878 Words   |  4 Pagesand have been linked to emotional changes in human behavior which could lead to depression or immune disorder. 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They regulate these responses by performing a multitude of important functions in the cells of the body, and lead to growth, differentiation and activation in their targets (Steinke 2013). Each cytokine family fulfills one or many specific roles in the immune system, for example the stimulation of lymphocyte growth or the promotion of inflammation (Steinke 2013, Sacca 2017). Pro-inflammatory cytokinesRead MoreInnate Immune System1742 Words   |  7 Pagesrespiration, wound healing, DNA synthesis, cell division, and immune function (Bonaventura et al., 2015). For as many essential functions Zn is necessary for it also has the potential to interact with at least as many biological functions to induce adverse effects (Maret and Sandstead, 2006). For these reasons Zn deficiency and toxicity is linked to a number of diseases and particularly immune diseases affecting both the innate and adaptive immune systems (Bonaventura et al., 2015, Maares and Haase, 2016).ThereforeRead MoreHow The Human Body Can Be Understood As An Ecologically Diverse Landscape1431 Words   |  6 Pagesgenes may or may not influence how our immune system functions, and what kinds pathogenic cells it may be predisposed to respond to. Studies on Crohn’s disease, for example, have found evidence showing that there may be genetic implications to the disease, more specifically havin g to do with innate immunity and how microbes respond to pathogens. Defective mucosal barriers may lead to inadequate management of the immune response, causing excess inflammation and tissue damage. Particularly, Crohn’sRead MoreThe Effect Of Prostaglandins On The Inflammation Pathway And The Mechanism Of Action Of Nsaids1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of prostaglandins in the inflammation pathway and the mechanism of action of NSAIDs Student ID: 51555517 Date: 11-11-2015 Inflammation is a defense reaction, whereby harmful factors are removed and tissue structure and function are restored. During the acute phase of inflammation, first neutrophils will arrive, followed by monocytes. The monocytes mature into inflammatory macrophages and will finally affect the function

Quarter Company Is Situated In Netherlands â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Quarter Company Is Situated In Netherlands? Answer: Introduction: The present case is evolved with the Swedish company named IKEA. Ingvar Kamprad founds the company in the year 1943 and by the year 2008, the company has become one of the largest furniture companies in the world (Lim, Pirsiavash and Torralba, 2013). The head quarter of the company is situated in Netherlands. The most significant feature of the company is that it provide furniture with eco-friendly way and the company has given special concentration on costing and operational perspective (Brown et al. 2016). Despite of its popularity, the company is facing certain dilemmas regarding its structure and tax related problems. The main objective of the subject is based on the ethical dilemma regarding the company and the measures are taken by the company to address the issues properly (Marston et al. 2017). Ethical issue of IKEA IKEA is one of the brightest names in the history of Furniture industry. Popularity of the company has been developed regarding the well-designed product with a low price. The company has decided certain core values to deal with the problem regarding ethical issue. The core values can be divided in to as follows: Create a suitable working atmosphere within the company; Meet the demands of the client; Deliver quality product to the customer with low price; Chalk out the decision regarding the development of the standard of the company and such decisions are based on the reality; Respect the customers as well as the co-workers; Promote the co-workers with certain potentiality. Adopt straight forward approaches to face the challenge; and Be modest to find new ideas and inspiration. However, IKEA has been faced a number of ethical issue and these can be categorised as follows: One of the most discussed ethical issues confronted by the company is child labour. In many of the branches of IKEA, the child labour issues have forced the company to face the criticism. Under the core values, the company has stated certain morality, but the child labour problem forced the company to face dilemma. It has been alleged that the company is appointing children as labour to reduce the labour charge. It has also been stated that the authority of the company had confessed that the allegations regarding the child labour is, to certain extent true. There should be a critical analysis regarding the ethical issues of the company. It was stated by Anders Dahlvig, the CEO of IKEA that the allegation made against the company is totally concocted and the company is not facing any problem regarding the child labour issue. However, in the words of Stephen Sackur that the company seeks to recruit people with low paying rate (Lee and Vachon 2016). It has been reported that the company has appointed almost 11.3 million labours whose average age is under 15. The social responsibility action of the company is quite lower in nature. It has also been alleged that the atmosphere of the company are not green at all and the core details of the company is not real. Therefore, the company is facing troubles or dilemmas regarding the social responsibility prospect. Another trumpeted issue regarding IKEA is that the company is a furniture based company and therefore, it is no doubt that the company is engaging themselves in huge rate of tree cutting. It has been alleged that the company is spoiling the greeneries (Brown et al. 2016). Illegal logging system of the company has also become one of the most significant ethical issues for the company. The maximum wood related business is depending on the logging companies. One report has also been made in this respect, but later it was regarded as false and the company has to face much criticism as the report had praised the work of IKEA a lot. Addressing the ethical issue: The company has taken certain steps to address the ethical issues (Mansell 2015). It has been stated by Senior IKEA staff that many of the employees of the company are engaged in the child labour program and illegal logging system. The programmer of the BBC news that the wood plucking process is not legal in this company has alleged it. However, it has been stated by the officials of the company that the process is quite clear and certain articles were published in the Washington Post that the wood collection process of the company is legal. It is stated by the company that the company is working with the World Wildlife and UNICEF and therefore, all the allegations made against the company are false and need to be corrected (The-latest.com 2017). The IKEA has refused to admit any engagement of the child labour in the manufacturing process in the branches of the developing state. It had also been alleged that no working hours are maintained in the factories of IKEA. However, the compa ny had also denied the allegation and showed certain documents regarding the working program of the company in the workshop (Morsing and Roepstorff 2015). Vision, mission and code of practice of IKEA There are certain structures applicable for the new made company. There are four types of company exist such as sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation and limited liability company. After choosing the right structure, it becomes necessary to decide the aim and object of the company. It is important to chalk out certain code of conduct so that the aim and object of the company can be achieved properly. Therefore, it is important to decide the vision, mission and code of conduct of a company. Almost every company has their own vision and mission to achieve certain goal (Stefanska and Nestorowicz 2015). Being a popular name in the furniture-based industry in the globe, IKEA has also certain visions regarding the future of the company (Schlegelmilch 2016). The company has decided its future goal to provide excellent furniture at a cheap rate. The main motto of the company is to set up certain rules regarding the betterment of the company and to secure the interest of the stakeholders of the company. The main objective of the company is to create a better life for the people, who are directly or indirectly influenced by the business (Jurevicius, 2017). The company had set up its structure to deal with the problems and explore the strategy relating to its vision and mission. The mission of a company states about the existence of the company, and the reason behind the same. The mission of a company helps to identify the customers and the production report and statement and it is also mentioned under the mission of the company to point out the location of the company. Geographical location means the place where the company is being incorporated and the place from where the business will be processed. There are certain missions present regarding the company IKEA (Ikea.com, 2017). In the year 2013, the mission of the company has been rated and it scored 2 out of 4.5. It is an indication towards the fact that the company has failed to look into the matter and failed to keep regularity regarding the mission of the company. However, it can be stated that the mission of the company has been reached in a highest peak in the year 2008. The company was incorporated in the year 1943 and since then, it has prescribed certain missions regarding the development of the company. the main aim of the company is to provide high quality product in a low price and therefore, it had set up all the necessary steps regarding the same. The company was become one of the most successful furniture-based company and the market standard of the company become high. From years, the company become successful by satisfying its customers with all possible helps and also given cheap but durable products. Therefore, it can be said that the mission of the company is quite customer-oriented and the mission of the company helps to increase the potential growth of the company. Code of conduct is a set of rules that helps to achieve the mission and vision of the company. IKEA has set up its code of conduct in the year 2000 to achieve all the requirements regarding the development of the company (Ikea.com, 2017). The code of conduct of the company helps to settle the customer related matters and it also provides certain steps regarding the products and services of the goods. It is to be stated in this case that IKEA had opened many store house and wood factory in separate places of the world to provide cheap rated furniture to the people. Apart from the furniture, IKEA has start up businesses like shopping mall and food centre to entertain the people at large. CSR action of IKEA The word CSR or the corporate social responsibility denotes liabilities of the company towards the society. A self-regulatory mechanism ensures certain spirit of law to maintain the ethical standard. Action regarding the CSR policy is taken to do certain things for the society where the interest or profit is or will be absent. A study regarding the same had been made over the issue of the corporate social responsibility and it revealed that the effect of the CSR can be positive, negative or neutral. Investment is an important thing regarding the development of the society and therefore, the econometric study report is much important in that place. There are certain criticisms taking place regarding the CSR issue. It has been stated by many sociologist that the policy regarding the same is a sort of capitalist legitimacy. It is an ethical principle that provides necessary steps regarding the society. Either almost every company affects the society directly or indirectly or therefore, the company has to take certain reciprocal duties regarding the same. The ethical issue regarding the policy has been developed day today and the terms of the company has been extended in the year 1991. Customer satisfaction is also an important thing regarding the case. It has been opined by many customers that it is the ethical issue of the company to dedicate certain duties towards the society and therefore, the term is become more important to the companies. The term CSR is based on the ethical facts and therefore, certain efforts are taking by tthe companies for the development of the society. IKEA is a home improvement chain and deals with the furniture and the interior substances. It is a well known company and according to the Chief Sustainability Officer of the company, many initiatives have been taken by the company for the development of the society. The company has contributed certain things to the under privileged children and spread the idea of equality among the minorities. The company has taken certain steps for the development of their own employees also. Further, the company has engaged their mind to reduce the energy consumption and adopted certain measures regarding the same. The women on maximum cases do the core processes of the company and the management of the company are done by near about 48% of women. The first energy consuming models are adopted in the year 2008 and it can be stated that a noticeable change can be observed in the year 2015 regarding the case. Apart from these all, IKEA has been donating money for the development of the society and for the education of the children. Initials have been taken to stop the curse of child labour (Boersma, Lynch and Schofield 2014). It is a fact that the business of IKEA is largely based on wood. Therefore, it is important to save the deforestation and adopt certain policies to maintain the sustainability in this case. The company has given special concentration regarding the plastic banning and the company has been able to reduce its usage by 20%. It has been stated by Jakob Rehme, a professor of Sweden that if the companies will not concentrate on the resources, there will be a scarcity take place. Key relation attribution In the year 1997, Ronald K. Mitchell had, in the article named Theory of Stakeholders identification and Salience, stated about the concept of stakeholder salience. It has been stated by them regarding the importance of the stakeholders that the stakeholders of the company determine crisis response strategies. The term stakeholders are defined by Freeman as the group that are directly affected by the achievement of the organisation. It has been stated by them that the stakeholders are playing an important role in the matters of the company and therefore, they should be treated with special cordial. Mitchell, Agle and Wood had classified the attribution regarding the stakeholders and stated the three key relations such as- power, legitimacy and urgency. It is no doubt to state that the stakeholders possess certain power that can influence the works and affairs of the company. The relation between the stakeholders and the company should be based on the legal standard. It is the right o f the stakeholders to claim certain urgent relief from the company. Therefore, these are the three key components relating to the stakeholders relation. The writers were made a step to identify different types of stakeholders and connect them towards the internal affairs of the company. They had suggested that it is important to pay attention by the managers to the different groups of Stakeholders in order to maintain a systematic approach during the crisis of the company. The writers of the book had attempted to redefine the status of the stakeholders and nature of the same. Mitchell has stated that there are certain other attributes present apart from this. One of the restrictive terms of attribution is stakeholder theorists. Stakeholders of IKEA The word stakeholders are one of the most important thing regarding the composition of the company. the term stakeholders include the employees, employer, director, union and all. Therefore, it can be stated that without the help of the stakeholders, it is not possible to run a company successfully. Stakeholders are the persons who are related with the affairs of the company in the way of direct or indirect procedure (Lili and Jiaqi 2017). In IKEA, the stakeholders are divided into four classes- higher power, higher interest, lower power, and lower interest. Power means the stakes. The holder of the highest stakes is known as higher power. The stakeholders who have certain high power are known as shareholders (Ikea.com, 2017). The interest of the stakeholders is entangled with the process of the company very much and the company takes certain measures to secure the interest of the stakeholders (Stigter and Cooper 2015). It is the duty of the managers to take high concern regarding the interest of the stakeholders. They should be deal with highest priority. It has been stated under the rules of the stakeholders is that the higher power stakeholders include shareholders, employees, government, suppliers and customers (Anitsal, Anitsal and Girard 2013). Ethical treat regarding the stakeholders The stakeholders of the company has divided into six parts such as Shareholders, Employees; Government; Competitors; Suppliers; and The stakeholders, who have invested money in a great quantity and shared the profits at large, are known as the shareholders. They are the most important part of the stakeholders. In the internal affairs of the company, they are playing important role. The manager or the Chief Executive Officer of the company has taken certain steps to secure the interest of the shareholders. Shareholders invest their money to buy the shares of the company and that act help to strengthen the economic back bone of the company. the directors of the company are appointed by the voting system and the shareholders are taking participation in that process too. Even the shareholders attend the meeting named as Annual General Meeting. Therefore, IKEA always tries to give them benefit. There are certain persons who are working in the company and trying to make profit. They are directly engage in the affairs of the company and entangled with the interest of the company. They are one of the important characters who are responsible for the growth of the company. Customers are one of the most attractive and important stakeholders of the company. the product and the quality of the product is depending on the demand of the customers. The company is taking and implementing policies with the interest of the company. The popularity of the company is also vehemently affected by the acts of the customers. As per the objective of the company, the company wanted to deliver world-class product to the customer at low price. The company become one of the popular name in the furniture world and therefore, it can be stated that the company has taken certain steps for the security of the customers (Blecher 2016). Recommendation for future of the company It is no doubt that the company is one of the large brand in the home development industry and it can be stated that the company has succeed to retain the reputation for many years. The vision and mission of the company, the importance of the stakeholders and the process or structure of the company are the main reason for the development of the company (Khazaei, Elliot and Joppe 2015). Therefore, it can be stated that the company has certain appropriate ambiance. However, for the last 3 years, the company has been facing problem regarding its structure, process of the manufacture, environmental degradation and lower waging rate. The officials of the company have confessed even the matter of the child labour. It has been stated that the company had scored down regarding the child labour issue and missionary achievements. It is therefore, recommended that the company has to give concentration on the process to avoid the issues and set up new mission to avoid the complexity in the inter nal affairs of the company (Leipziger 2015). It is to be understood that the IKEA is growing in nature and therefore, it is required for the company to points out the weak points and solve those problems. It is also necessary to keep the spirit of the company and maintain the same. All the product that are becoming old, should be replaced and it has to be understood that different countries have different style and the company need to maintain the same. The company has contributed certain things to the under privileged children and spread the idea of equality among the minorities. The company has taken certain steps for the development of their own employees also. Further, the company has engaged their mind to reduce the energy consumption and adopted certain measures regarding the same. However, it is recommended that the company needs to give more concentration over the issues. The mission vision of the company is also needed to renewed. Conclusion: It is, therefore stated, the company IKEA has to face certain ethical dilemmas regarding the business deal and other allegations that the company is facing every day. The main purpose of the research is to find out the proper reason behind the ethical dilemmas and to understand the mission and vision of the company. an attempt has been made to identify the action of the company IKEA regarding the corporate social responsibility. It has also been mentioned that Mitchell mentions the stakeholder salient and relationship between the stakeholders has been mentioned. Reference Adams, N., 2015. Design by Ikea: A Cultural History. Anitsal, I., Anitsal, M.M. and Girard, T., 2013. Retail mission statements: Top 100 global retailers.Academy of Strategic Management Journal,12(1), p.1. Baxter, M. and Landry, A., 2017. IKEA: product, pricing, and pass-through.Research in Economics. Blecher, L., 2016. Codes of Conduct: The Trojan Horse of International Human Rights Law.Comp. Lab. L. Pol'y J.,38, p.437. Boateng, P., 2017. Interventions on Child Labour in South Asia. Boersma, M., Lynch, G. and Schofield, J., 2014. Child Labour: Everybody's Business. Brown, B.A., Bleecker, J., D'Adamo, M., Ferreira, P., Formo, J., Glss, M., Holm, M., Hk, K., Johnson, E.C.B., Kaburuan, E. and Karlsson, A., 2016, November. The IKEA Catalogue: Design Fiction in Academic and Industrial Collaborations. InGROUP(pp. 335-344). Ikea.com (2017). The IKEA Vision - IKEA. [online] Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ms/en_CA/the_ikea_story/working_at_ikea/our_vision.html [Accessed 17 Sep. 2017]. Ikea.com. (2017). IWAY, Our code of conduct - IKEA. [online] Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ms/en_JP/about_ikea/our_responsibility/iway/index.html [Accessed 17 Sep. 2017]. Ikea.com. (2017). Other stakeholders - IKEA. [online] Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ms/en_JP/about_ikea/our_responsibility/partnerships/other_stakeholders.html [Accessed 17 Sep. 2017]. Jonsson, P., Rudberg, M. and Holmberg, S., 2013. Centralised supply chain planning at IKEA.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(3), pp.337-350. Jurevicius, O. (2017). IKEA mission statement 2013. [online] Strategic Management Insight. Available at: https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/mission-statements/ikea-mission-statement.html [Accessed 17 Sep. 2017]. Khazaei, A., Elliot, S. and Joppe, M., 2015. An application of stakeholder theory to advance community participation in tourism planning: the case for engaging immigrants as fringe stakeholders.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(7), pp.1049-1062. Lee, K.H. and Vachon, S., 2016. Supply Chain Sustainability Risk. InBusiness Value and Sustainability(pp. 245-280). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Leipziger, D., 2015.The corporate responsibility code book. Greenleaf Publishing. Lili, C. and Jiaqi, C., 2017. Consumer Responses to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in China. Lim, J.J., Pirsiavash, H. and Torralba, A., 2013. Parsing ikea objects: Fine pose estimation. InProceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision(pp. 2992-2999). Mansell, S., 2015.Book Review: Rejoinder to Veldmans review of Capitalism, Corporations and the Social Contract: A Critique of Stakeholder Theory(Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 271-275). Sage UK: London, England: Sage Publications. Marston, N., Stavnes, K., Van Loon, L.M., Drost, L.M., Maybery, D., Mosek, A., Nicholson, J., Solantaus, T. and Reupert, A., 2016. A content analysis of Intervention Key Elements and Assessments (IKEA): What's in the black box in the interventions directed to families where a parent has a mental illness?.Child Youth Services,37(2), pp.112-128. Morsing, M. and Roepstorff, A., 2015. CSR as corporate political activity: Observations on IKEAs CSR identityimage dynamics.Journal of Business Ethics,128(2), pp.395-409. Power, H.I.H., 2016. Stakeholder Analysis. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Saxton, G.D. and Waters, R.D., 2014. What do stakeholders like on Facebook? Examining public reactions to nonprofit organizations informational, promotional, and community-building messages.Journal of Public Relations Research,26(3), pp.280-299. Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Global Marketing Ethics and CSR. InGlobal Marketing Strategy(pp. 195-220). Springer International Publishing. Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Global Marketing Ethics and CSR. InGlobal Marketing Strategy(pp. 195-220). Springer International Publishing. Stefanska, M. and Nestorowicz, R. eds., 2015.Fair Trade in CSR Strategy of Global Retailers. Springer. Stigter, M. and Cooper, C.L., 2015. Co-Creating a Compelling Story. InSolving the Strategy Delusion(pp. 36-57). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Strand, R., 2013. Scandinavian cooperative advantage: The case of IKEA.World humanism: Cross-cultural perspectives on ethical practices in organizations, pp.63-80. The-latest.com. (2017). IKEA exposed over 'child Labour' and green issues | The Latest - Citizen Journalism for All. [online] Available at: https://www.the-latest.com/ikea-exposed-over-child-labour-and-green-issues [Accessed 17 Sep. 2017].

Lord Of The Flies By William Golding Essays (1502 words)

Lord Of The Flies By William Golding This was the most interesting book I have ever read. It is sort of a cross between Alive and Hatchet. Because the book is extremely addictive and written so superbly, it did not take long for me to get into and finish it. The characters were probably the most interesting element in Lord of the Flies. All British and male, the young boys in this story portray the savagery and sadistic nature to which all but a few succumb. The other boys are the only symbol of sanity on the island. There is also a very interesting conflict between Ralph and Jack. In essence, this is the eternal struggle between good and evil. The ending of the novel concludes in a gut-wrenching showdown between the two. The only thing I disliked about this book is that sometimes Golding's writing style was a little hard to follow. The main problem was that the boy's British accents made it difficult to understand what they meant. This problem appeared in few spots, however, and for the most part the book was easy to read. I think that males would enjoy this book mainly because of the fact that all the characters were boys. It also appeals to a person with good literary insight who can understand Golding's symbolism. This book also made a very good movie which portrays the story well. I did have a favorite character in this book. His name is Simon. Simon is peculiar in that he likes to be alone and take long walks into the jungle while most of the other boys play. He also discovers the beast that every one on the island fears. Ultimately, he discovers the true source of evil, the Lord of the Flies, and is later betrayed by his friends. Being an enthusiastic and long time book reader, I think Lord of the Flies is a great book. It is very intriguing and seems to place a terrible spell over the reader who gets lured into this arousing adventure. I spent four days reading this book and only put it down during meals. Lord of the Flies kept my interest with very little slow moving dialogue and lots of vivid description. For me this book ranks right up there with Clockwork Orange and The Last Herald Mage. All of these books have incredible story lines with non-stop adventure. They also all seem to address some of the controversial subjects facing our society today. The thing I probably liked the most about Lord of the Flies was the theme of the story. This topic was very intriguing. It dealt with the many flaws and desires of human nature, and how devastating these factors can be to a culture with no directions or order to follow. I enjoyed how the story showed that even the youngest and most innocent of humans strive for power over everything and will stop at nothing until he achieves that power. The theme shows the greed that has been bred into all humans. There was very little I disliked about this book. The mood was a little dark and depressing but that just added to the setting. Probably the one thing that could have been improved upon was William Golding's writing style. He tended to skip around sometimes and use difficult dialect and terms that can confuse the reader, but this happened rarely. I think all serious readers would like this book. Probably the people who could enjoy this book the most would be the faithful followers of Science Fiction and Adventure novels who might enjoy the stranger aspects of life. I also think readers who are interested in human behavior would relish this book because of the way it portrays the many sides of human nature, values, and morals. I will probably read this book again. It was such a good novel it might possibly end up in my personal library. Lord of the Flies was also made into a great movie that captured the best aspects of the book. The best lesson I learned from Lord of the Flies is that people can not let one thing control their whole life. They can not let greed control their every action and thought so that it corrupts them into acting on an evil purpose. Lord of the Flies was a great novel and I know when ever I think about this book, the scene I see is one of a young boy talking to a bloody

Free Essays on Two Directions For America

Americans face a critical decision about the direction of our country, not just in 2004 but for the long term. One is the conservative path for America: tax breaks for the wealthy that do little for the middle class while saddling us with massive debt; government by and for corporations that is indifferent to the struggles of everyday families; and a radical and destabilizing foreign policy that has overburdened our military and left our nation less secure. The other is a progressive path for America: Middle class tax breaks, affordable health care, and increasing economic opportunities to help the middle class. The progressive path for America is one that believes every American should have the opportunity to make the most of their lives given their talents and ambitions. Government has an important role in helping people reach their potential by promoting good paying jobs at home, supporting affordable health care for all, and providing quality education as the foundation of an increasing quality of life. Honest and fair government that puts the needs of citizens above all else. The progressive path honors our democratic values by focusing on what is right and necessary for all Americans, not just those with high paid lobbyists and political or financial clout. And a strong and measured foreign policy that fights our enemies everywhere and earns respect for American values and intentions. As former President Clinton stated earlier this week, "Strength and wisdom are not opposing values." America must relentlessly hunt down and eliminate fundamentalist extremists who aim to destroy our way of life. But in doing so, we must uphold our basic values, honor our international allies and prove to the world that the American way is a just and righteous way toward global security.... Free Essays on Two Directions For America Free Essays on Two Directions For America Americans face a critical decision about the direction of our country, not just in 2004 but for the long term. One is the conservative path for America: tax breaks for the wealthy that do little for the middle class while saddling us with massive debt; government by and for corporations that is indifferent to the struggles of everyday families; and a radical and destabilizing foreign policy that has overburdened our military and left our nation less secure. The other is a progressive path for America: Middle class tax breaks, affordable health care, and increasing economic opportunities to help the middle class. The progressive path for America is one that believes every American should have the opportunity to make the most of their lives given their talents and ambitions. Government has an important role in helping people reach their potential by promoting good paying jobs at home, supporting affordable health care for all, and providing quality education as the foundation of an increasing quality of life. Honest and fair government that puts the needs of citizens above all else. The progressive path honors our democratic values by focusing on what is right and necessary for all Americans, not just those with high paid lobbyists and political or financial clout. And a strong and measured foreign policy that fights our enemies everywhere and earns respect for American values and intentions. As former President Clinton stated earlier this week, "Strength and wisdom are not opposing values." America must relentlessly hunt down and eliminate fundamentalist extremists who aim to destroy our way of life. But in doing so, we must uphold our basic values, honor our international allies and prove to the world that the American way is a just and righteous way toward global security....

25 Love Sayings and Quotations

25 Love Sayings and Quotations Love makes us do things we never thought we were capable of. Some love sayings inspire us to believe in love. Others give us the courage to tide through the tough times. Here is a compilation of love sayings that encourage and instill the spirit of love in these cynical times. Are you in love? Do you pine for your sweetheart in private? You dont have to retract into a shell every time the love of your life talks to you. Love cannot endure indifference. It needs to be wanted. Like a lamp, it needs to be fed out of the oil of anothers heart, or its flame burns low. Henry Ward Beecher People think love is an emotion. Love is good sense. Ken Kesey If you cannot inspire a woman with love of you, fill her above the brim with love of herself; all that runs over will be yours. Charles Caleb Colton The whole world loves a lover is an interesting theory, but a very bad legal defense. Keith Sullivan Let those love now who never loved before; Let those who always loved, now love the more. Thomas Parnell One word frees us of all the weight and pain of life: that word is love. Sophocles Love is not something you feel. Its something you do. David Wilkerson She is the heart that strikes a whole octave. After her all songs are possible. Rainer Maria Rilke Love is always bestowed as a gift- freely, willingly, and without expectation...We dont love to be loved; we love to love. Leo Buscaglia The only love worthy of a name is unconditional. John Powell I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. Martin Luther King, Jr. Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into a friend. Martin Luther King, Jr. If you would be loved, love and be lovable. Benjamin Franklin Lord, grant that I might not so much seek to be loved as to love. St. Francis of Assisi We look forward to the time when the power to love of will replace the love of power. Then will our world know the blessings of peace. William Gladstone May no gift be too small to give,nor too simple to receive,which is wrapped in thoughtfulnessand tied with love. L.O. Baird There is no instinct like that of the heart. Lord Byron All you need is love. John Lennon Love conquers all. Virgil Amor vincit omnia. (Love conquers all) Geoffrey Chaucer There is only one happiness in this life, to love and be loved. George Sand True love stories never have endings. Richard Bach Love grows more tremendously full, swift, poignant, as the years multiply. Zane Grey Love recognizes no barriers. It jumps hurdles, leaps fences, penetrates walls to arrive at its destination full of hope. Maya Angelou There is always some madness in love. But there is also always some reason in madness. Friedrich Nietzsche

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Finance - Essay Example These open ended funds are still hailing the demanding curse of present age. Using the mutual fund scheme was more beneficial for the investors and was less fruitful for the manager or the body managing and investing the funds. Therefore to make more money from limited funds a newer system was stemmed into the fabric of trade. That system was to engage poor into this business by investing money in the form of blocks. This trick helped the managing body to withdraw more money out of the flow in the form of commission. On the contrary it involved less investment share which was easy to contribute by an average investors. Hence it had the characteristics of close ended mutual fund accompanied by replication of index. This system was easy to manipulate and friendly to the traders. In a nut shell the trade of funds took place in exchange of securities. It was a simple game that could be played without time limit. It had small shares than mutual funds, was more idealized and encouraged by majority of traders and investors. This scheme of investing the funds was given the name of exchange trade funds. It is the combination of index fund and close ended fund. Exchange trade system is more efficient than mutual fund system because it is easy to trade on fewer expanses and trade does not have time limits, buying and selling can be performed in same day. â€Å"ETFs have very low expense ratios, are traded intraday and are purchased from the secondary market through a broker who receives a commission†. (Rogers 108) The idea of joint or combined investment is centuries old even when there was no concept of currency. This fashion of mutual investment was started by the merchants particularly in Europe. While peeping into the past, the merchants of 17th century practiced to take their goods to the far areas where they were able to earn a handsome interest on their investment. But the urge to gain more profit forced their minds to seek some new

Concidering Aristo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Concidering Aristo - Essay Example Aristotle also opined that a hero must have a tragic flaw as this is what shows that he is not only a true human but also a true tragic hero. Oedipus’ tragic flaw was seen when he experienced a change of fortune from good to bad (Meyer & Downs 1535-1537). Oedipus was a king that was destroyed after the people learnt that he killed his own father and married his own mother and this was Oedipus’ tragic flaw. These are the qualities that Oedipus possesses and makes him qualified to be called a good but flawed king. It is therefore not wrong to classify Oedipus as a true tragic hero going by Aristotle’s notion that a true tragic hero must be a good man that also has his own flaws (Meyer & Downs). Oedipus played his role as a king effectively and appropriately and proved that he was appropriate for his position. Oedipus’ pride and arrogance is something that is typical of kings as they try to show that they are in control and the fact that Oedipus had this attribute is a pointer that he was appropriate for his position in life. If there is any attribute that should be appreciated in Oedipus, it is his self-confidence (Meyer & Downs 1532-1535). Oedipus’ confidence was seen when he summoned courage to solve the puzzle of the Sphinx in spite of the Sphinx’s threat to kill anybody that failed the puzzle. The fact that Oedipus summoned enough courage to stand up to the challenge of the Sphinx showed that he was a man that played his role as the king perfectly as he led by example. Oedipus was a courageous man that had confidence in himself and this is what makes people believe that he was arrogant. It is expected that a king should be unyielding and rigid as t hese are the true hallmarks of a great leader and the fact that Oedipus possesses these great qualities is an indication that he was a great king that could take decisions on his own without regretting them. This shows that Oedipus was a true tragic hero as he

The Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals Essay Example for Free

The Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals Essay Immanuel Kant’s â€Å"Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals†, argues upon the basis of morality introducing the ideals of the categorical imperative as the central concept of moral philosophy. The definition of the categorical imperative leads Kant towards the critique of pure reason arguing that without a goodwill one can’t even be worthy of being happy. Kant introduces goodwill, treating people as means rather than ends and doing the right thing for the right reason. Making a distinction between science and knowledge and eliminating common sense on a route to the philosophical, Kant defines reason as reason a practical faculty to influence will and also being essential to will. Kant argument in the Groundwork focuses upon the basic idea of what makes a good person good. It is the possession of a will that is a way determined by, or makes decision based of moral law. This goodwill is supposed to be the idea of one who only makes decisions that she holds to be morally worthy, taking moral considerations in themselves to be conclusive reasons for guiding her behavior. This sort of disposition or character is something we all highly value. Kant believes we value it without limitation or qualification. Formulated by pure reason, the categorical imperative according to Kant underscores his argument. The value of a good will thus cannot be that it secures certain valuable ends, whether of our own or of others, since there value is entirely conditional on our having and maintaining a good will. Kant’s categorical imperative argues that ones actions should be done from duty in order to obtain true moral worth. It is not the result of ones actions but rather means of that duty that leads humanity to happiness. The goodwill â€Å"of this person would sparkle like a jewel all by itself, as something that had its full worth in itself† (Kant, 1). Humanity is very much determined by strive for excellence in order to obtain the ultimate good. Kant’s hypothetical imperative stresses how indications and determination for the result are the goal for people to act. Juxtaposing with the ideals of the categorical imperative the latter is motivated by the result rather than acting from duty. Acting in such a way that ones actions can become a universal law is what I consider the road to happiness. It is not primarily doing good to oneself in order obtain a desired result. Doing good to others and treating these as means rather than ends is what I define as true happiness. Goodwill will â€Å"needn’t be the sole and complete good, but it must be the condition of all others, even of the desire for happiness† (Kant, 1). So we have to develop the concept of goodwill that is determined and esteemed as good in it without regard to anything else, judging the total worth of the actions we commit and with the entirety depending on it searching for the unconditional good.

Book VII of the Nichomachean Ethics by Aristotle Essay -- Aristotle Ni

Book VII of the Nichomachean Ethics by Aristotle Introduction In book seven of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle sets out his theory of akrasia, or weakness of will. Aristotle attempts to explain both how such actions are possible (contra Socrates), and how we can dissolve the puzzles (aporiai) generated by our most important (kurios) commonly held beliefs, which arise in response to the actions of the incontinent person. This paper will review book VII of the Nichomachean Ethics (EN), and attempt to resolve some of the remaining questions left open by Aristotle’s critique. According to Aristotle, ethika is not an exact (akribes) science, for it only provides â€Å"usual† truths (hos epi to polu), or those that are true for most, but not all, cases. Ethics is a practical discipline, which depends on the prudent person to make competent decisions with respect to various particular cases; unsurprisingly, it would be difficult (if not impossible) to determine any invariant rules of application for every ethical situation. Accordingly, Aristotle consults the opinions of the common majority as an initial starting point from which to proceed in ethical study. The beliefs of the hoi polloi are revisable, however, and in the case of incontinence, we shall see that Aristotle cannot resolve all of the puzzles resulting from them. The format of this paper will proceed as follows. First, we will attempt a rough description of Aristotle’s conception of incontinence. Next, we will survey the most salient puzzles with which he is concerned. Subsequently, we will attempt to resolve any remaining questions concerning the plausibility of Aristotle’s theory. Section One Aristotle’s conception of inc... ...ned earlier, we remain convinced that the incontinent knows the entire time that what she does is the wrong thing to do. If we think she doesn’t know, or forgets momentarily, then why is she morally responsible for her wrong-doing? Likewise, Aristotle’s own explanation lacks enough specificity as to why and how the appetite makes one â€Å"unaware† of the good conclusion. Simply put, the ambiguity interpretation is the most plausible way to account for both our pre-theoretical intuitions and our everyday practical experiences. In this respect, it remains true to the spirit of the Nichomachean Ethics. Works Cited Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics, Translated by Terence Irwin. Second Edition. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 1999. Davidson, Donald. â€Å"How is weakness of the will possible?† in Essays on Actions and Events. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1980.

Nation-States in Modern Times

The natives of Waitangi in New Zealand had to give up their sovereignty to the British throne at the time that the Crown arrived in the country.   Since then, the natives have tried to fight for their right to govern their areas of New Zealand again.   If do they get this permission from the New Zealand government, which they most probably will not get in modern times, the natives of New Zealand might make their own nation-state, that is, a place that is ruled by a certain entity and occupied by people belonging to the same culture and having the same values that are unique to that group (â€Å"Nation-State,† 2007). This is the nature of the nation-state: It is a government form that may not be able to thrive in the era of globalization marked by cultural homogeneity, and featuring immigration laws, skills exchange, outsourcing, foreign direct investment and the likes. In the olden days, Greece was a nation-state.   Athens was the city-state of Greece, protecting a common culture under its own laws.   Greece was the ruler of Athens at the same time.   It had the power to dissolve Athens.   Yet, Athens was an extremely popular cultural hotbed.   It was not wise to dissolve Athens (Polopolos).   Most importantly, Greece and Athens serve as excellent examples of governance for the politicians of the modern world.   As a matter of fact, people use Greece’s example in thinking about how to develop a civilization.   Alexander the Great continues to be remembered. It is definitely possible for nation-states to develop in our day by following the example of Greece.   Weaker groups such as the natives in New Zealand represent a minority nowadays, and may not be able to form their nation-state.   At the same time, America used to be referred to as a ‘melting pot,’ even though the ‘Americanization’ of the world as a synonym for ‘globalization’ could easily have turned America into a lover of its own culture.   America could have become like Greece if it had wanted to preserve its culture; however, the nation’s political mind is very much occupied with the business sense of things. America chooses not to become a nation-state because it benefits immensely from foreigners.   What about Europe?   Can Europe become a nation-state with European Union, the Euro and its likes?   Perhaps places like France and Italy, in particular, might consider becoming nation-states with the strongest regard for their culture.   In point of fact, parts of Europe have been especially concerned in recent times with the upkeep of their traditional agricultural styles.   As an example, certain European farm products like the French cheeses have become â€Å"entwined with the national cultural identity† (Kaplan & Calzonetti, 2005).   Would globalization allow Europe or parts to Europe to turn into nation-states or city-states? – Perhaps so.   Do we expect it to happen? – Probably not. Let us turn to the Middle East.   Could it happen among the Arab nations, with the strongest ties to their culture?   Could Israel become a nation-state, with Jerusalem as its city-state?   Yes, it is possible once they stop fighting over the Middle East.   Arabs hate Americanization, apparently.   But they cannot live without America and Europe buying their oil.   They want to preserve their Islamic culture against the unIslamic behavior shown on Western television nevertheless. They also do not want American clothing to be worn in their societies.   Hijabs and extremely long skirts are still the norm in Saudi Arabia, very difficult for most foreigners to adjust to.   Perhaps Arab nations and/or Israel will be the first to turn into nation-states, if they are not already.   At this time they are not cultural states clearly because they fight too much.   At a time of peace alone will art and culture be nurtured.   Perhaps Middle East should really stop fighting now and become a nation-state if it wants to. References Kaplan, Eben, & Calzonetti, Claire. (2005, December 9). The WTO’s Troubled ‘Doha Negotiations.’ Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 27 November 2006, from http://www.cfr.org/index.html. â€Å"Nation-State.† (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved 7 May 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state. Polopolus, Leonidas C. â€Å"Athens, Greece: A City-State that Grew from Optimality in the Golden Era to Excessive Urbanization by the 21st century.† University of Florida. Retrieved 7 May 2007, from http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/kapparis/AOC/ATHENS.htm.      

Learning †teacher Essay

Good afternoon everyone, today I am going to talk about education. Education has many affects but how does education affects our lives. Education affects people by opening them up to new ideas, thus broadening their thinking. As for example, A degree can also broaden opportunities in the job market. Sometimes education can change what you believe, if you find new truth and need to fit it into your worldview. As long as a person is careful to actually examine the information that is presented, and not just blindly accept anything from any source, education usually improves lives and minds and offers us more opportunities and possibilities. The education for society can be different, due to the fact that various types of education and learning methods and assumptions affect me and others in many different ways. An important key role in our life by far is education, because so far it has given me a different perspective of life. A well-known Greek Philosopher named Plato once said that the direction in which education starts a man will determine his future in life. He literally means the type of education we chose to follow or have leads to us becoming that. So far in my journey of life it has opened and shown my eyes to a lot to see in this world. Education has given me the chance to learn and discover new things around me; in addition it has taught me to believe about life. Education has made me who I am today, and will have a huge impact in my future to come, because it will determine how I will live. It has given me a picture and sense on what I can achieve and do in life. My education started at a very young age, just like most people start theirs. My first mentors and teachers were not from elementary school, but they were my own people that raised me from home. The education I received to this day has made me a better decision maker about life’s big questions. Nelson Mandela best said that education is the most powerful weapon which can be used to change the world. What Nelson Mandela is trying to mean is that education is the answer to move forward in life. I totally agree with Mandela on that.

Online Halloween Scavenger Hunt

Online Halloween Scavenger Hunt This is a great Halloween scavenger hunt that will have your students scavenging online for the answers to the questions below. Scavenger Hunt Directions Find the answers to questions 1 - 20 (below) on the following pages to complete the following Halloween Scavenger Hunt. Halloween Questions 1. What kind of worms are in wormy apples? 2. What do you get when you cross a Snowman with a Vampire? 3. Name the Halloween Haunted House in Bentleyville, PA. 4. Where does the name Halloween come from? 5. In what year did the Salem witchcraft trials occur? 6. What color should the Walkman box be sprayed in order to complete the Walkman costume? 7. In Halloween Checkers, what type of creature is on your pieces? 8. What label should you look for when purchasing costumes? 9. What do you make the Halloween Spiders legs out of? 10. Who wrote The House of Seven Gables? 11. What three ingredients are needed to make Goopy Slime? 12. In the Easy Halloween Maze, what are you trying to help the skeleton find his way to? 13. Who wrote The Raven? 14. What sign should hang over the entrance to a Harry Potter Halloween party? 15. Where can you see memorabilia from pirates like Blackbeard? Happy hunting!

Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment Quotations

Dostoevsky 'Crime and Punishment' Quotations Crime and Punishment is a novel by one of the greatest Russian authors, Fyodor Dostoevsky. The novel was published in installments during 1866. Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, a poor ex-student in St. Petersburg, who is the main protagonist. Here are a few quotes from the novel. Notable Quotes All is in a mans hands and he lets it all slip from cowardice, thats an axiom. It would be interesting to know what it is men are most afraid of. Taking a new step, uttering a new word is what they fear most.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 1, Chapter 1Why am I going there now? Am I capable of that? Is that serious? It is not serious at all. Its simply a fantasy to amuse myself; a plaything! Yes, maybe it is a plaything.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 1, Ch. 1Why am I to be pitied, you say? Yes! Theres nothing to pity me for! I ought to be crucified, crucified on a cross, not pitied! Crucify me, oh judge, crucify me but pity me?- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 1, Ch. 2What if man is not really a scoundrel, man in general, I mean, the whole race of mankind - then all the rest is prejudice, simply artificial terrors and there are no barriers and its all as it should be.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment,Part 1, Ch. 2He ran beside the mare, ran in front of her, saw her being whipped across the eyes, right in the eyes! He was crying, he felt choking, his tears were streaming. One of the men gave him a cut with the whip across the face, he did not feel it. Wringing his hands and screaming, he rushed up to the grey-headed old man with the grey beard, who was shaking his head in disapproval. One woman seized him by the hand and would have taken him away, but he tore himself from her and ran back to the mare. She was almost at the last gasp, but began kicking once more.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 1, Ch. 5 Good God! ... can it be, can it be, that I shall really take an axe, that I shall strike her on the head, split her skull open...that I shall tread in the sticky warm blood, blood...with the axe...Good God, can it be?- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 1, Ch. 5He suddenly heard steps in the room where the old woman lay. He stopped short and was still as death. But all was quiet, so it must have been his fancy. All at once he heard distinctly a faint cry, as though some one had uttered a low broken moan. Then again dead silence for a minute or two. He sat squatting on his heels by the box and waited, holding his breath. Suddenly he jumped up, seized the axe and ran out of the bedroom.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 1, Ch. 7Where is it Ive read that someone condemned to death says or thinks, an hour before his death, that if he had to live on some high rock, on such a narrow ledge that hed only room to stand, and the ocean, everlasting darkness, everlasting solitude, everlasting tempest around him, if he had to remain standing on a square yard of space all his life, a thousand years, eternity, it were better to live so than to die at once! Only to live, to live and live! Life, whatever it may be!...How true it is! Good God, how true! Man is a vile creature!...And vile is he who calls him vile for that- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 2, Ch. 6 Life is real! Havent I lived just now? My life has not yet died with that old woman! The Kingdom of Heaven to her-and now enough, madam, leave me in peace! Now for the reign of reason and light...and of will, and of strength...and now we will see! We will try our strength.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 2, Ch. 7I like them to talk nonsense. Thats mans one privilege over all creation. Through error you come to the truth! I am a man because I err! You never reach any truth without making fourteen mistakes and very likely a hundred and fourteen.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 3, Ch. 1But what can I tell you? I have known Rodion for a year and a half; he is moody, melancholy, proud, and haughty; recently (and perhaps for much longer than I know) he has been morbidly depressed and over-anxious about his health. He is kind and generous. He doesnt like to display his feelings, and would rather seem heartless than talk about them. Sometimes, however, he is not hypochondriacal at all, but simply inhumanly cold and unfeeling. Really, it is as if he had two separate personalities, each dominating him alternately.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 3, Ch. 2 Actions are sometimes performed in a masterly and most cunning way, while the direction of the actions is deranged and dependent on various morbid impressions - its like a dream.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 3, Ch. 3It began with the socialist doctrine. You know their doctrine; crime is a protest against the abnormality of the social organisation and nothing more, and nothing more; no other causes admitted!- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 3, Ch. 5If he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. That will be punishment - as well as the prison.- Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 3, Ch. 5It was dark in the corridor, they were standing near the lamp. For a minute they were looking at one another in silence. Razumikhin remembered that minute all his life. Raskolnikov’s burning and intent eyes grew more penetrating every moment, piercing into his soul, into his consciousness. Suddenly Razumihin started. Something strange, as it were passed between them... Some idea, some hint as it were, slipped, something awful, hideous, and suddenly understood on both sides... Razumihin turned pale.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 4, Ch. 3 I did not bow down to you, I bowed down to all the suffering of humanity.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 4, Ch. 4Power is given only to him who dates to stoop and take it... one must have the courage to dare.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 5, Ch. 4I wanted to murder, for my own satisfaction ... At that moment I did not care a damn whether I would spend the rest of my life like a spider catching them all in my web and sucking the living juices out of them.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 5, Ch. 4Go at once, this very minute, stand at the cross-roads, bow down, first kiss the earth which you have defiled, and then bow down to all the world and say to all men aloud, I am a murderer! Then God will send you life again. Will you go, will you go?- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 5, Ch. 4You ought to thank God, perhaps. How do you know? Perhaps God is saving you for something. But keep a good heart and have less fear! A re you afraid of the great expiation before you? No, it would be shameful to be afraid of it. Since you have taken such a step, you must harden your heart. There is justice in it. You must fulfill the demands of justice. I know that you don’t believe it, but indeed, life will bring you through. You will live it down in time. What you need now is fresh air, fresh air, fresh air!- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 6, Ch. 2 Nothing in this world is harder than speaking the truth, nothing easier than flattery.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 6, Ch. 4Crime? What crime? ... That I killed a vile noxious insect, an old pawnbroker woman, of use to no one! ... Killing her was atonement for forty sins. She was sucking the life out of poor people. Was that a crime?- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 6, Ch. 7If I had succeeded I should have been crowned with glory, but now Im trapped.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 6, Ch. 7It was I killed the old pawnbroker woman and her sister Lizaveta with an axe and robbed them.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Part 6, Ch. 8Youre a gentleman... You shouldnt hack about with an axe; thats not a gentlemans work.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Epilogue 2Some new sorts of microbes were attacking the bodies of men, but these microbes were endowed with intelligence and will ... Men attacked by them became a t once mad and furious.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Epilogue 2 How it happened he did not know. But all at once something seemed to seize him and fling him at her feet. He wept and threw his arms round her knees. For the first instant she was terribly frightened and she turned pale. She jumped up and looked at him trembling. But at the same moment she understood, and a light of infinite happiness came into her eyes. She knew and had no doubt that he loved her beyond everything and that at last the moment had come.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Epilogue 2They wanted to speak, but could not; tears stood in their eyes. They were both pale and thin; but those sick pale faces were bright with the dawn of a new future, of a full resurrection into a new life. They were renewed by love; the heart of each held infinite sources of life for the heart of the other.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Epilogue 2Seven years, only seven years! At the beginning of their happiness at some moments they were both ready to look on those seve n years as though they were seven days. He did not know that the new life would not be given him for nothing, that he would have to pay dearly for it, that it would cost him great striving, great suffering.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Epilogue 2 But that is the beginning of a new story – the story of the gradual renewal of a man, the story of his gradual regeneration, of his passing from one world into another, of his initiation into a new unknown life. That might be the subject of a new story, but our present story is ended.- Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment, Epilogue 2

Discussion- ch1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion- ch1 - Coursework Example investing in important infrastructure, increasing access to finance to entrepreneurs, reducing regulations of doing business, encouraging local and foreign investment and increasing the country’s exports and decreasing what the country imports. This can be done by lowering interest rates to ensure business people have ready access to finance. Enacting less stringent laws on doing business and holding investment forums will also stimulate economic growth. I agree that that the measuring the economy is important for any government to establish the rate of economic growth. However, on the second point about protecting the business people and the society, I think the point needs further clarification. I agree that creating more employment opportunities and increasing exports will stimulate the economy. This is an excellent piece; however, the author needs to elaborate further the ambiguous point. I do not agree that measuring the economy will help the government avoid economic instabilities. Rather, measuring the economy will help a government know if any, economic instability exists and take necessary measures to solve the economic instabilities. I agree that reducing interest rates will stimulate the

The Kurdish winter Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Kurdish winter - Movie Review Example The documentary â€Å"The Kurdish Winter† is considerably long, as it runs for approximately one hour. The film mainly involves various Kurdish victims of the Kurdish genocide. These through narrations, tell their stories of what happened then. They also share knowledge on the various challenges they continue to face today in the world as Kurdish people. As highlighted, this documentary aims at revealing the truth to the world about the Kurdish situation. This, therefore, adopted the enlightenment theory of truth, as a major way or technique through which documentary could present its truth. In this case, this documentary aims at ensuring that after watching, the audience is able to think critically. The audience will, therefore, be better placed to comprehend how the real Kurdish situation is, and apart from the notion provided by the mainstream media.Screening this documentary was one of the most important exercises I was involved in. I considered this as an opportunity to j udge the feedback from the public, basing on the reactions of the audience present at the time of screening the documentary. This would, therefore, give me a clue on the level of impact the documentary will make after receiving a wider audience from different parts of the world. When screening a documentary, there are different challenges that one should expect; however, this depends on the nature of the documentary to be screened. In my case, I although I was keen enough to follow the right procedures of screening a documentary, this did not shield me from various challenges.

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian Essay

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian - Essay Example The article, therefore, makes a valid argument when it indicates that indigenous Australians must be credited for their role in conservation of the environment and the country’s cultural heritage. Talbot’s article is highly relevant to environment studies, since it proposes that conservation is best addressed from the roots. In this light, the author posits that Australia’s aboriginals would aid in these efforts, since their role in protecting and managing the environment is inherently linked to their traditional knowledge and responsibility, as custodians and protectors of the land they occupy. The article is also pertinent to the course, because it identifies some of the gaps that persist in Australia’s environment conservation efforts, as well as, potential mitigation measures. The article highlights several principle environmental, social and cultural issues. For example, it takes note of the fact that there have been few processes for acknowledging and getting consent from Aboriginals, while developing global heritage nominations. As a result, majority of the indigenous Australians feel isolated and disregarded, in the environment and heritage conservation efforts (Talbot, 2012). The article emphasizes that national government must formulate national policies on conservation, while engaging indigenous persons in the formal discussions. In addition, this article stresses that research institutions, governmental and non-governmental organizations should value cultural and ecological knowledge systems of the indigenous people. Talbot has written the article from the perspective of a concerned Australia citizen, and as an Aboriginal advocating for his people’s recognition in environmental conservation. The principal argument against the principal assertions of this article is that, the national government should independently make policies on environment and heritage preservation. The validity of this argument is

The Likert Scale and Manipulation Checks in Research

The Likert Scale and Manipulation Checks in Research The independent variable is the status and the dependent variables are rule compliance and hierarchy-enhancing beliefs. The study collects the data through an online survey, uses a likert scale, and incorporated manipulation checks into its experimental design. It is a between subject design. Its weakness lies with its lowered external validity. Firstly, the survey was conducted online. Hence, the computerized system would be able to manage the order in which question were shown, controlling the questions in which it was being answered (Wan, 2014). This also eliminates the need for researchers to code their answer into a format that can be analysed by statistical program which could sometimes results in mistakes when transferring the data from paper to software. It is also impersonal and can help decrease the effect of social desirability as compared to a scenario in which the survey was administered by the experimenter (Wan, 2014). Secondly, the study uses a likert scale. Dependent variables are measured with the use of a likert scale instead of a simple dichotomous categorical answer. This allows the researcher to measure the degree in which a particular construct is felt rather than it just being felt or not. This is important as the hypothesis wants to measure not just the presence of rule compliance and hierarchy-enhancing beliefs, but the level (â€Å"lower† vs â€Å"stronger†) of it. Items on the measurement scale were being reverse coded and can help to counter acquiescent bias (Wan, 2014). The effect of acquiescent bias can be measure on a bipolar scale such as what was used for measuring the hierarchy-enhancing beliefs, from a â€Å"strongly disagree† to a â€Å"strongly agree† (Hinz, Michalski, Schwarz, Herzberg, 2007). However, the scale testing the rule compliance construct is unipolar. It also uses multiple item scale. This helps to average out participant random error within a scale, making it more reliable (Wan, 2014). The scale that was used to measure the hierarchy enhancing beliefs was used in past research to measure the same construct, increasing the confidence we have that they are more valid than other measurements of hierarchy enhancing beliefs (White McBurney, 2013). While the odd point likert scale has its advantages, it also has drawbacks. By doing using an odd-point scale, researchers did not force participants to take a side. Participants could clearly state that they feel neutral about an item rather than choosing one mild directional response over the other when they do not really feel that way. This will enable the scale to reflect what the participants really feel. However, the interpretation of mid-point is entirely up to the participants as there are only two anchors on the extreme end of the 5-point scale. One participant’s interpretation of the mid-point might not be the same as another participant. For example, one participant might choose the mid-point if they do not have an opinion about it, but another participant could also choose the mid-point if they do not want to think about it or just want to finish the survey faster. This could affect the reliability and validity of the instrument and result. The researchers could ha ve put an anchor for the mid-point as well so that all participants can see the mid-point in the same way. The participants could also use the mid-point as a way of avoiding decision. This is especially so since the scale measures hierarchy-enhancing beliefs and rule compliance, both of which could inflict a certain extent of social desirability on the participants. Furthermore, the scale was put on a survey which essentially is a self-reported measure and they can choose whichever choice they feel like (Wan, 2014). This will make the effect of social desirability even stronger. The scores measured might not be a representation of what they actually feel, but a reflection of what they feel is morally right. Thirdly, a manipulation check was done as they asked participants to â€Å"describe what happened and how they felt in the situation†. This can help provide evidence for construct validity of manipulation and help make sure that status have indeed been manipulated (White McBurney, 2013). This will help ensure that the status manipulation has been properly executed, and the results had been obtained in the presence of successful manipulation and not due to chance. This is especially important for participant manipulation as the manipulation might not have the intended effect on the participant as it is subjected to the participant’s interpretation (Gravetter Forzano, 2011). Fourthly, as participants are only being manipulated to experience one condition (either a high status or low status condition), the study uses a between subject design. Researchers can be sure that the scores will not be influenced by factors like sensitization of knowing what is being measured and as a result, the possibility of having a good-subject tendency (Wan, 2014). Participants will also not experience the effects of order effect such as carryover of perceived status as compared to a study that uses a within subject design. However, as the individuals cannot act as their own control as they can in a within subject design, the study is subjected to individual differences such as family upbringing, emotions and personality, all of which can influence the result (Wan, 2014). Individual differences can produce high variability in the scores (Gravetter Forzano, 2011). They can also become confounding variables (University of Arizona, 2006). The study limited the confounding thro ugh randomization (University of Arizona, 2006). The participants were randomly assigned to either of the two conditions. This helps to reduce or eliminate the systematic differences between the two groups, achieving group equivalence. Hence, the internal validity of the study, which is important for the study as it is trying to establish relationships between two variables, is increased (White McBurney, 2013). Furthermore, two dependent variables are being measured in one study. The effect of manipulation might have worn off or be diminished by the time participants answered the second survey on hierarchy enhancing beliefs. The order in which the surveys were given and filled up might have been important in the degree to which participants agree or disagree with the items in the survey. However, the external validity might have been lowered as the study might have a biased sampling frame and the method of selection of participants was not mentioned. Firstly, the study could have a biased sampling frame. Unless the market research firm has a wide reach of participants that spread across the country, they had only sampled from a small set of cities and towns in the whole of America. By systematically excluding all US working adults who lives in other parts of United States of America (USA), valid generalizations about the entire American population could not be drawn from this data and results (Wan, 2014). This is assuming that the population that the study is investigating is the whole of USA. The assumption was made as the hypothesis did not specify the population it will be investigating. By stating â€Å"people†, it could mean people around the world, people in America, or people in a specific state. Secondly, random selection of the sample was not mentioned. Hence, it might not be representative of the population, lowering the external validity of the study (Wan, 2014). However, this might not be that important as the goal of the study was to establish a relationship between the two variables and not to generate a result that could be generalized across the population. Since, there might be limited resources, it is wise to only choose one validity; internal validity was more important than external validity in this study that investigates the relationship of variables (Wan, 2014). This weakness will not affect the conclusion that much. In conclusion, the use of online survey, likert scale, and manipulation checks had made the study better. However, the reduced external validity might make it difficult for the results of this study to be generalized. Tan Jun Xuan References: Gravetter, F., Forzano, L.-A. (2011). Research Methods for the Behavioural Sciences. United States of America: Cengage Learning. Hinz, A., Michalski, D., Schwarz, R., Herzberg, P. Y. (2007). The acquiescence effect in responding to a questionnaire. Psychosocial Med. University of Arizona (2006). Ch8 Between-subjects design [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from: www.u.arizona.edu/~dusana/psych290Bpresession06/notes/Ch8%20Between-subjects%20desing.ppt Wan, C. (2014). HP1100 Sem1 1415 Week 2 Slides [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from: ntulearn.ntu.edu.sg Wan, C. (2014). HP1100 Sem1 1415 Week 3 Slides [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from: ntulearn.ntu.edu.sg Wan, C. (2014). HP1100 Sem1 1415 Week 4 Slides [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from: ntulearn.ntu.edu.sg White, T. L., McBurney, D. H. (2013). Research Methods. United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Existentialists: I Am Me, And You Are You :: essays research papers

Existentialists: I Am Me, and You Are You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Existentialists view mankind as individuals whose unique past experiences establish personal characteristics that set all of us apart. This idea can be best expressed in an intuitive statement by a celebrated individualist, Tarzan. â€Å"Me Tarzan, you Jane† is at the nucleus of the beliefs of the existential atom. This seemingly simplistic statement relates to existentialism by leading us to the idea of man's individualism, guiding us to belief of existence before essence and ushering us to the notion of freedom of choice. These three beliefs can then be related to the characters in the existential writer Jean-Paul Sartre's â€Å"No Exit.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first reading of this statement, one notices Tarzan's word choice. â€Å" Me Tarzan, you Jane† implies that Tarzan and Jane are not one and the same. Instead, they are two different people who lead very different lives. Tarzan, the Ape Man, is by nature different than his newfound lady friend. Existentialists would further this train of thought to say that since people are always different, they can never be the same. They would then argue that every person is an individual, not a copy from a predetermined mold. Jean-Paul Sartre also portrays his characters as individuals, not carbon copies of each other. Garcin, a soldier who went AWOL, certainly lived a different life than the baby- killer Estelle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These individualistic qualities lead to us by Tarzan's statement, now guide us to the existential belief of existence before essence. This idea consists of the belief that people are formed from their own unique past experiences. Tarzan, a lonely boy who was raised by a pack of gorillas, has not experienced the touch of mankind. His isolation from the world is completely opposite from that of Jane's past. Jane, a women raised in the indulgence of the modern day, has experienced many unique events that have made her what she is. Jane can never know what is like to be Tarzan because she can never experience what he has gone through. Likewise, Tarzan, the Ape Man, can never experience what it is like to be Jane because he can never live through the unique events of Jane's past. Sartre also gives us characters with very unique backgrounds. Garcin can never experience the troubled past that Inez had and Inez in turn can never understand why Garcin needs to be told he is not a coward.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After now understanding that existentialists view people as individuals who have unique past experiences that make them who they are, existentialists would now usher us to the notion of each character's freedom of choice. Existentialists: I Am Me, And You Are You :: essays research papers Existentialists: I Am Me, and You Are You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Existentialists view mankind as individuals whose unique past experiences establish personal characteristics that set all of us apart. This idea can be best expressed in an intuitive statement by a celebrated individualist, Tarzan. â€Å"Me Tarzan, you Jane† is at the nucleus of the beliefs of the existential atom. This seemingly simplistic statement relates to existentialism by leading us to the idea of man's individualism, guiding us to belief of existence before essence and ushering us to the notion of freedom of choice. These three beliefs can then be related to the characters in the existential writer Jean-Paul Sartre's â€Å"No Exit.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first reading of this statement, one notices Tarzan's word choice. â€Å" Me Tarzan, you Jane† implies that Tarzan and Jane are not one and the same. Instead, they are two different people who lead very different lives. Tarzan, the Ape Man, is by nature different than his newfound lady friend. Existentialists would further this train of thought to say that since people are always different, they can never be the same. They would then argue that every person is an individual, not a copy from a predetermined mold. Jean-Paul Sartre also portrays his characters as individuals, not carbon copies of each other. Garcin, a soldier who went AWOL, certainly lived a different life than the baby- killer Estelle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These individualistic qualities lead to us by Tarzan's statement, now guide us to the existential belief of existence before essence. This idea consists of the belief that people are formed from their own unique past experiences. Tarzan, a lonely boy who was raised by a pack of gorillas, has not experienced the touch of mankind. His isolation from the world is completely opposite from that of Jane's past. Jane, a women raised in the indulgence of the modern day, has experienced many unique events that have made her what she is. Jane can never know what is like to be Tarzan because she can never experience what he has gone through. Likewise, Tarzan, the Ape Man, can never experience what it is like to be Jane because he can never live through the unique events of Jane's past. Sartre also gives us characters with very unique backgrounds. Garcin can never experience the troubled past that Inez had and Inez in turn can never understand why Garcin needs to be told he is not a coward.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After now understanding that existentialists view people as individuals who have unique past experiences that make them who they are, existentialists would now usher us to the notion of each character's freedom of choice.

Ada Solution Manual

This ? le contains the exercises, hints, and solutions for Chapter 1 of the book †Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms,† 2nd edition, by A. Levitin. The problems that might be challenging for at least some students are marked by ; those that might be di? cult for a majority of students are marked by . Exercises 1. 1 1. Do some research on al-Khorezmi (also al-Khwarizmi), the man from whose name the word â€Å"algorithm† is derived. In particular, you should learn what the origins of the words â€Å"algorithm† and â€Å"algebra† have in common. 2. Given that the of? cial purpose of the U. S. patent system is the promotion of the â€Å"useful arts,† do you think algorithms are patentable in this country? Should they be? 3. a. Write down driving directions for going from your school to your home with the precision required by an algorithm. b. Write down a recipe for cooking your favorite dish with the precision required by an algorithm. 4. Design an algorithm for swapping two 3 digit non-zero integers n, m. Besides using arithmetic operations, your algorithm should not use any temporary variable. 5. Design an algorithm for computing gcd(m, n) using Euclid’s algorithm. 6. Prove the equality gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, m mod n) for every pair of positive integers m and n. 7. What does Euclid’s algorithm do for a pair of numbers in which the ? rst number is smaller than the second one? What is the largest number of times this can happen during the algorithm’s execution on such an input? 8. What is the smallest and the largest number of divisions possible in the algorithm for determining a prime number? 9. a. Euclid’s algorithm, as presented in Euclid’s treatise, uses subtractions rather than integer divisions. Write a pseudocode for this version of Euclid’s algorithm. b. Euclid’s game (see [Bog]) starts with two unequal positive numbers on the board. Two players move in turn. On each move, a player has to write on the board a positive number equal to the difference of two numbers already on the board; this number must be new, i. e. , different from all the numbers already on the board. The player who cannot move loses the game. Should you choose to move ? rst or second in this game? 10. The extended Euclid’s algorithm determines not only the greatest common divisor d of two positive integers m and n but also integers (not necessarily positive) x and y, such that mx + ny = d. a. Look up a description of the extended Euclid’s algorithm (see, e. g. , [KnuI], p. 13) and implement it in the language of your choice. b. Modify your program for ? nding integer solutions to the Diophantine equation ax + by = c with any set of integer coef? cients a, b, and c. 11. Locker doors There are n lockers in a hallway, numbered sequentially from 1 to n. Initially all the locker doors are closed. You make n passes by the lockers, each time starting with locker #1. On the ith pass, i = 1, 2, . . . n, you toggle the door of every ith locker: if the door is closed, you open it; if it is open, you close it. For example, after the ? rst pass every door is open; on the second pass you only toggle the even-numbered lockers (#2, #4, . . . ) so that after the second pass the even doors are closed and the odd ones are open; the third time through, you close the door of locker #3 (opened from the ? rst pass), open the door of locker #6 (closed from the second pass), and so on. After the last pass, which locker doors are open and which are closed? How many of them are open? 2 Hints to Selected Exercises 1. 1 1. It is probably faster to do this by searching the Web, but your library should be able to help, too. 2. One can ? nd arguments supporting either view. There is a well-established principle pertinent to the matter, though: scienti? c facts or mathematical expressions of them are not patentable. (Why do you think this is the case? ) But should this preclude granting patents for all algorithms? 3. You may assume that you are writing your algorithms for a human rather than a machine. Still, make sure that your descriptions do not contain obvious ambiguities. Knuth ([KnuI], p. 6) provides an interesting comparison between cooking recipes and algorithms. 6. Prove that if d divides both m and n (i. e. , m = sd and n = td for some positive integers s and t), then it also divides both n and r = m mod n and vice versa. Use the formula m = qn + r (0 ? r < n) and the fact that if d divides two integers u and v, it also divides u + v and u ? v. (Why? ) 7. Perform one iteration of the algorithm for two arbitrarily chosen integers m < n. 9. a. Use the equality gcd(m, n) = gcd(m ? n, n) for m ? n > 0. b. The key is to ? gure out the total number of distinct numbers that can be written on the board, starting with an initial pair m, n where m > n ? 1. You should exploit a connection of this question to the question of part (a). Considering small examples, especially those with n = 1 and n = 2, should help, too. 10. Of course, for some coef? cients, the equation will have no solutions. 11. Tracing the algorithm by hand for, say, n = 10 and studying its outcome should help answering both questions. 3 Solutions to Exercises 1. 1. Al-Khwarizmi (9th century C. E. ) was a great Arabic scholar, most famous for his algebra textbook. In fact, the word â€Å"algebra† is derived from the Arabic title of this book while the word â€Å"algorithm† is derived from a translation of Al-Khwarizmi’s last name (see, e. g. , [KnuI], pp. 1-2, [Knu96], pp. 88-92, 114). 2. This legal issue has yet to be settled. The current lega l state of a? airs distinguishes mathematical algorithms, which are not patentable, from other algorithms, which may be patentable if implemented as computer programs (e. g. , [Cha00]). 3. n/a 4. ALGORITHM Exchange valueswithoutT(a,b) //exchange the two values without using temporary variable //Input:two numbers a,b. //Output:exchange values of a,b a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b; ALGORITHM Euclid (m,n) // Computes gcd(m. n) by Euclid’s algorithm // Input: Two nonnegative, not-both-zero integers m and n // Output : Greatest common divisor of m and n while n ? 0 do r 5. 6. Let us ? rst prove that if d divides two integers u and v, it also divides both u + v and u ? v. By de? nition of division, there exist integers s and t such that u = sd and v = td. Therefore u  ± v = sd  ± td = (s  ± t)d, i. . , d divides both u + v and u ? v. 4 Also note that if d divides u, it also divides any integer multiple ku of u. Indeed, since d divides u, u = sd. Hence ku = k(sd) = (ks)d, i. e. , d divides ku. Now we can prove the assertion in question. For any pair of positive integers m and n, if d divides both m and n, it also divides both n and r = m mod n = m ? qn. Similarly, if d divides bot h n and r = m mod n = m ? qn, it also divides both m = r + qn and n. Thus, the two pairs (m, n) and (n, r) have the same ? nite nonempty set of common divisors, including the largest element in the set, i. . , gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, r). 7. For any input pair m, n such that 0 ? m < n, Euclid’s algorithm simply swaps the numbers on the ? rst iteration: gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, m) because m mod n = m if m < n. Such a swap can happen only once since gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, m mod n) implies that the ? rst number of the new pair (n) will be greater than its second number (m mod n) after every iteration of the algorithm. 8. Algorithm: While i 0) && (numbers[j-1] > index)) { numbers[j] = numbers[j-1]; j = j – 1; } numbers[j] = index; } } 3. Align the pattern with the beginning of the text. Compare the corresponding characters of the pattern and the text left-to right until either all the pattern characters are matched (then stop–the search is successful) or the algorithm runs out of the text’s characters (then stop–the search is unsuccessful) or a mismatching pair of characters is encountered. In the latter case, shift the pattern one position to the right and resume the comparisons. 4. a. If we represent each of the river’s banks and each of the two islands by vertices and the bridges by edges, we will get the following graph: 0 a a b c b c d d (This is, in fact, a multigraph, not a graph, because it has more than one edge between the same pair of vertices. But this doesn’t matter for the issue at hand. ) The question is whether there exists a path (i. e. , a sequence of adjacent vertices) in this multigraph that traverses all the edges exactly once and returns to a starting vertex. Such paths are called Eulerian circuits; if a path traverses all the edges exactly once but does not return to its starting vertex, it is called an Eulerian path. b. Euler proved that an Eulerian circuit exists in a connected (multi)graph if and only if all its vertices have even degrees, where the degree of a vertex is de? ned as the number of edges for which it is an endpoint. Also, an Eulerian path exists in a connected (multi)graph if and only if it has exactly two vertices of odd degrees; such a path must start at one of those two vertices and end at the other. Hence, for the multigraph of the puzzle, there exists neither an Eulerian circuit nor an Eulerian path because all its four vertices have odd degrees. If we are to be satis? d with an Eulerian path, two of the multigraph’s vertices must be made even. This can be accomplished by adding one new bridge connecting the same places as the existing bridges. For example, a new bridge between the two islands would make possible, among others, the walk a ? b ? c ? a ? b ? d ? c ? b ? d a a b c b c d d If we want a walk that returns to its starting point, all the vertices in the 21 corres ponding multigraph must be even. Since a new bridge/edge changes the parity of two vertices, at least two new bridges/edges will be needed. For example, here is one such â€Å"enhancement†: a a c b c d d This would make possible a ? b ? c ? a ? b ? d ? c ? b ? d ? a, among several other such walks. 5. A Hamiltonian circuit is marked on the graph below: 6. a. At least three â€Å"reasonable†criteria come to mind: the fastest trip, a trip with the smallest number of train stops, and a trip that requires the smallest number of train changes. Note that the ? rst criterion requires the information about the expected traveling time between stations and the time needed for train changes whereas the other two criteria do not require such information. . A natural approach is to mimic subway plans by representing stations by vertices of a graph, with two vertices connected by an edge if there is a train line between the corresponding stations. If the time spent on changing a tra in is to be taken into account (e. g. , because the station in question is on more than one line), the station should be represented by more then one vertex. 22 7. procedure Queens(unused, board, col, N) if col > N then print board else{ col