Thursday, October 31, 2019

The Kurdish winter Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Kurdish winter - Movie Review Example The documentary â€Å"The Kurdish Winter† is considerably long, as it runs for approximately one hour. The film mainly involves various Kurdish victims of the Kurdish genocide. These through narrations, tell their stories of what happened then. They also share knowledge on the various challenges they continue to face today in the world as Kurdish people. As highlighted, this documentary aims at revealing the truth to the world about the Kurdish situation. This, therefore, adopted the enlightenment theory of truth, as a major way or technique through which documentary could present its truth. In this case, this documentary aims at ensuring that after watching, the audience is able to think critically. The audience will, therefore, be better placed to comprehend how the real Kurdish situation is, and apart from the notion provided by the mainstream media.Screening this documentary was one of the most important exercises I was involved in. I considered this as an opportunity to j udge the feedback from the public, basing on the reactions of the audience present at the time of screening the documentary. This would, therefore, give me a clue on the level of impact the documentary will make after receiving a wider audience from different parts of the world. When screening a documentary, there are different challenges that one should expect; however, this depends on the nature of the documentary to be screened. In my case, I although I was keen enough to follow the right procedures of screening a documentary, this did not shield me from various challenges.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian Essay

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian - Essay Example The article, therefore, makes a valid argument when it indicates that indigenous Australians must be credited for their role in conservation of the environment and the country’s cultural heritage. Talbot’s article is highly relevant to environment studies, since it proposes that conservation is best addressed from the roots. In this light, the author posits that Australia’s aboriginals would aid in these efforts, since their role in protecting and managing the environment is inherently linked to their traditional knowledge and responsibility, as custodians and protectors of the land they occupy. The article is also pertinent to the course, because it identifies some of the gaps that persist in Australia’s environment conservation efforts, as well as, potential mitigation measures. The article highlights several principle environmental, social and cultural issues. For example, it takes note of the fact that there have been few processes for acknowledging and getting consent from Aboriginals, while developing global heritage nominations. As a result, majority of the indigenous Australians feel isolated and disregarded, in the environment and heritage conservation efforts (Talbot, 2012). The article emphasizes that national government must formulate national policies on conservation, while engaging indigenous persons in the formal discussions. In addition, this article stresses that research institutions, governmental and non-governmental organizations should value cultural and ecological knowledge systems of the indigenous people. Talbot has written the article from the perspective of a concerned Australia citizen, and as an Aboriginal advocating for his people’s recognition in environmental conservation. The principal argument against the principal assertions of this article is that, the national government should independently make policies on environment and heritage preservation. The validity of this argument is

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Likert Scale and Manipulation Checks in Research

The Likert Scale and Manipulation Checks in Research The independent variable is the status and the dependent variables are rule compliance and hierarchy-enhancing beliefs. The study collects the data through an online survey, uses a likert scale, and incorporated manipulation checks into its experimental design. It is a between subject design. Its weakness lies with its lowered external validity. Firstly, the survey was conducted online. Hence, the computerized system would be able to manage the order in which question were shown, controlling the questions in which it was being answered (Wan, 2014). This also eliminates the need for researchers to code their answer into a format that can be analysed by statistical program which could sometimes results in mistakes when transferring the data from paper to software. It is also impersonal and can help decrease the effect of social desirability as compared to a scenario in which the survey was administered by the experimenter (Wan, 2014). Secondly, the study uses a likert scale. Dependent variables are measured with the use of a likert scale instead of a simple dichotomous categorical answer. This allows the researcher to measure the degree in which a particular construct is felt rather than it just being felt or not. This is important as the hypothesis wants to measure not just the presence of rule compliance and hierarchy-enhancing beliefs, but the level (â€Å"lower† vs â€Å"stronger†) of it. Items on the measurement scale were being reverse coded and can help to counter acquiescent bias (Wan, 2014). The effect of acquiescent bias can be measure on a bipolar scale such as what was used for measuring the hierarchy-enhancing beliefs, from a â€Å"strongly disagree† to a â€Å"strongly agree† (Hinz, Michalski, Schwarz, Herzberg, 2007). However, the scale testing the rule compliance construct is unipolar. It also uses multiple item scale. This helps to average out participant random error within a scale, making it more reliable (Wan, 2014). The scale that was used to measure the hierarchy enhancing beliefs was used in past research to measure the same construct, increasing the confidence we have that they are more valid than other measurements of hierarchy enhancing beliefs (White McBurney, 2013). While the odd point likert scale has its advantages, it also has drawbacks. By doing using an odd-point scale, researchers did not force participants to take a side. Participants could clearly state that they feel neutral about an item rather than choosing one mild directional response over the other when they do not really feel that way. This will enable the scale to reflect what the participants really feel. However, the interpretation of mid-point is entirely up to the participants as there are only two anchors on the extreme end of the 5-point scale. One participant’s interpretation of the mid-point might not be the same as another participant. For example, one participant might choose the mid-point if they do not have an opinion about it, but another participant could also choose the mid-point if they do not want to think about it or just want to finish the survey faster. This could affect the reliability and validity of the instrument and result. The researchers could ha ve put an anchor for the mid-point as well so that all participants can see the mid-point in the same way. The participants could also use the mid-point as a way of avoiding decision. This is especially so since the scale measures hierarchy-enhancing beliefs and rule compliance, both of which could inflict a certain extent of social desirability on the participants. Furthermore, the scale was put on a survey which essentially is a self-reported measure and they can choose whichever choice they feel like (Wan, 2014). This will make the effect of social desirability even stronger. The scores measured might not be a representation of what they actually feel, but a reflection of what they feel is morally right. Thirdly, a manipulation check was done as they asked participants to â€Å"describe what happened and how they felt in the situation†. This can help provide evidence for construct validity of manipulation and help make sure that status have indeed been manipulated (White McBurney, 2013). This will help ensure that the status manipulation has been properly executed, and the results had been obtained in the presence of successful manipulation and not due to chance. This is especially important for participant manipulation as the manipulation might not have the intended effect on the participant as it is subjected to the participant’s interpretation (Gravetter Forzano, 2011). Fourthly, as participants are only being manipulated to experience one condition (either a high status or low status condition), the study uses a between subject design. Researchers can be sure that the scores will not be influenced by factors like sensitization of knowing what is being measured and as a result, the possibility of having a good-subject tendency (Wan, 2014). Participants will also not experience the effects of order effect such as carryover of perceived status as compared to a study that uses a within subject design. However, as the individuals cannot act as their own control as they can in a within subject design, the study is subjected to individual differences such as family upbringing, emotions and personality, all of which can influence the result (Wan, 2014). Individual differences can produce high variability in the scores (Gravetter Forzano, 2011). They can also become confounding variables (University of Arizona, 2006). The study limited the confounding thro ugh randomization (University of Arizona, 2006). The participants were randomly assigned to either of the two conditions. This helps to reduce or eliminate the systematic differences between the two groups, achieving group equivalence. Hence, the internal validity of the study, which is important for the study as it is trying to establish relationships between two variables, is increased (White McBurney, 2013). Furthermore, two dependent variables are being measured in one study. The effect of manipulation might have worn off or be diminished by the time participants answered the second survey on hierarchy enhancing beliefs. The order in which the surveys were given and filled up might have been important in the degree to which participants agree or disagree with the items in the survey. However, the external validity might have been lowered as the study might have a biased sampling frame and the method of selection of participants was not mentioned. Firstly, the study could have a biased sampling frame. Unless the market research firm has a wide reach of participants that spread across the country, they had only sampled from a small set of cities and towns in the whole of America. By systematically excluding all US working adults who lives in other parts of United States of America (USA), valid generalizations about the entire American population could not be drawn from this data and results (Wan, 2014). This is assuming that the population that the study is investigating is the whole of USA. The assumption was made as the hypothesis did not specify the population it will be investigating. By stating â€Å"people†, it could mean people around the world, people in America, or people in a specific state. Secondly, random selection of the sample was not mentioned. Hence, it might not be representative of the population, lowering the external validity of the study (Wan, 2014). However, this might not be that important as the goal of the study was to establish a relationship between the two variables and not to generate a result that could be generalized across the population. Since, there might be limited resources, it is wise to only choose one validity; internal validity was more important than external validity in this study that investigates the relationship of variables (Wan, 2014). This weakness will not affect the conclusion that much. In conclusion, the use of online survey, likert scale, and manipulation checks had made the study better. However, the reduced external validity might make it difficult for the results of this study to be generalized. Tan Jun Xuan References: Gravetter, F., Forzano, L.-A. (2011). Research Methods for the Behavioural Sciences. United States of America: Cengage Learning. Hinz, A., Michalski, D., Schwarz, R., Herzberg, P. Y. (2007). The acquiescence effect in responding to a questionnaire. Psychosocial Med. University of Arizona (2006). Ch8 Between-subjects design [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from: www.u.arizona.edu/~dusana/psych290Bpresession06/notes/Ch8%20Between-subjects%20desing.ppt Wan, C. (2014). HP1100 Sem1 1415 Week 2 Slides [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from: ntulearn.ntu.edu.sg Wan, C. (2014). HP1100 Sem1 1415 Week 3 Slides [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from: ntulearn.ntu.edu.sg Wan, C. (2014). HP1100 Sem1 1415 Week 4 Slides [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from: ntulearn.ntu.edu.sg White, T. L., McBurney, D. H. (2013). Research Methods. United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Existentialists: I Am Me, And You Are You :: essays research papers

Existentialists: I Am Me, and You Are You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Existentialists view mankind as individuals whose unique past experiences establish personal characteristics that set all of us apart. This idea can be best expressed in an intuitive statement by a celebrated individualist, Tarzan. â€Å"Me Tarzan, you Jane† is at the nucleus of the beliefs of the existential atom. This seemingly simplistic statement relates to existentialism by leading us to the idea of man's individualism, guiding us to belief of existence before essence and ushering us to the notion of freedom of choice. These three beliefs can then be related to the characters in the existential writer Jean-Paul Sartre's â€Å"No Exit.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first reading of this statement, one notices Tarzan's word choice. â€Å" Me Tarzan, you Jane† implies that Tarzan and Jane are not one and the same. Instead, they are two different people who lead very different lives. Tarzan, the Ape Man, is by nature different than his newfound lady friend. Existentialists would further this train of thought to say that since people are always different, they can never be the same. They would then argue that every person is an individual, not a copy from a predetermined mold. Jean-Paul Sartre also portrays his characters as individuals, not carbon copies of each other. Garcin, a soldier who went AWOL, certainly lived a different life than the baby- killer Estelle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These individualistic qualities lead to us by Tarzan's statement, now guide us to the existential belief of existence before essence. This idea consists of the belief that people are formed from their own unique past experiences. Tarzan, a lonely boy who was raised by a pack of gorillas, has not experienced the touch of mankind. His isolation from the world is completely opposite from that of Jane's past. Jane, a women raised in the indulgence of the modern day, has experienced many unique events that have made her what she is. Jane can never know what is like to be Tarzan because she can never experience what he has gone through. Likewise, Tarzan, the Ape Man, can never experience what it is like to be Jane because he can never live through the unique events of Jane's past. Sartre also gives us characters with very unique backgrounds. Garcin can never experience the troubled past that Inez had and Inez in turn can never understand why Garcin needs to be told he is not a coward.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After now understanding that existentialists view people as individuals who have unique past experiences that make them who they are, existentialists would now usher us to the notion of each character's freedom of choice. Existentialists: I Am Me, And You Are You :: essays research papers Existentialists: I Am Me, and You Are You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Existentialists view mankind as individuals whose unique past experiences establish personal characteristics that set all of us apart. This idea can be best expressed in an intuitive statement by a celebrated individualist, Tarzan. â€Å"Me Tarzan, you Jane† is at the nucleus of the beliefs of the existential atom. This seemingly simplistic statement relates to existentialism by leading us to the idea of man's individualism, guiding us to belief of existence before essence and ushering us to the notion of freedom of choice. These three beliefs can then be related to the characters in the existential writer Jean-Paul Sartre's â€Å"No Exit.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first reading of this statement, one notices Tarzan's word choice. â€Å" Me Tarzan, you Jane† implies that Tarzan and Jane are not one and the same. Instead, they are two different people who lead very different lives. Tarzan, the Ape Man, is by nature different than his newfound lady friend. Existentialists would further this train of thought to say that since people are always different, they can never be the same. They would then argue that every person is an individual, not a copy from a predetermined mold. Jean-Paul Sartre also portrays his characters as individuals, not carbon copies of each other. Garcin, a soldier who went AWOL, certainly lived a different life than the baby- killer Estelle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These individualistic qualities lead to us by Tarzan's statement, now guide us to the existential belief of existence before essence. This idea consists of the belief that people are formed from their own unique past experiences. Tarzan, a lonely boy who was raised by a pack of gorillas, has not experienced the touch of mankind. His isolation from the world is completely opposite from that of Jane's past. Jane, a women raised in the indulgence of the modern day, has experienced many unique events that have made her what she is. Jane can never know what is like to be Tarzan because she can never experience what he has gone through. Likewise, Tarzan, the Ape Man, can never experience what it is like to be Jane because he can never live through the unique events of Jane's past. Sartre also gives us characters with very unique backgrounds. Garcin can never experience the troubled past that Inez had and Inez in turn can never understand why Garcin needs to be told he is not a coward.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After now understanding that existentialists view people as individuals who have unique past experiences that make them who they are, existentialists would now usher us to the notion of each character's freedom of choice.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Ada Solution Manual

This ? le contains the exercises, hints, and solutions for Chapter 1 of the book †Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms,† 2nd edition, by A. Levitin. The problems that might be challenging for at least some students are marked by ; those that might be di? cult for a majority of students are marked by . Exercises 1. 1 1. Do some research on al-Khorezmi (also al-Khwarizmi), the man from whose name the word â€Å"algorithm† is derived. In particular, you should learn what the origins of the words â€Å"algorithm† and â€Å"algebra† have in common. 2. Given that the of? cial purpose of the U. S. patent system is the promotion of the â€Å"useful arts,† do you think algorithms are patentable in this country? Should they be? 3. a. Write down driving directions for going from your school to your home with the precision required by an algorithm. b. Write down a recipe for cooking your favorite dish with the precision required by an algorithm. 4. Design an algorithm for swapping two 3 digit non-zero integers n, m. Besides using arithmetic operations, your algorithm should not use any temporary variable. 5. Design an algorithm for computing gcd(m, n) using Euclid’s algorithm. 6. Prove the equality gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, m mod n) for every pair of positive integers m and n. 7. What does Euclid’s algorithm do for a pair of numbers in which the ? rst number is smaller than the second one? What is the largest number of times this can happen during the algorithm’s execution on such an input? 8. What is the smallest and the largest number of divisions possible in the algorithm for determining a prime number? 9. a. Euclid’s algorithm, as presented in Euclid’s treatise, uses subtractions rather than integer divisions. Write a pseudocode for this version of Euclid’s algorithm. b. Euclid’s game (see [Bog]) starts with two unequal positive numbers on the board. Two players move in turn. On each move, a player has to write on the board a positive number equal to the difference of two numbers already on the board; this number must be new, i. e. , different from all the numbers already on the board. The player who cannot move loses the game. Should you choose to move ? rst or second in this game? 10. The extended Euclid’s algorithm determines not only the greatest common divisor d of two positive integers m and n but also integers (not necessarily positive) x and y, such that mx + ny = d. a. Look up a description of the extended Euclid’s algorithm (see, e. g. , [KnuI], p. 13) and implement it in the language of your choice. b. Modify your program for ? nding integer solutions to the Diophantine equation ax + by = c with any set of integer coef? cients a, b, and c. 11. Locker doors There are n lockers in a hallway, numbered sequentially from 1 to n. Initially all the locker doors are closed. You make n passes by the lockers, each time starting with locker #1. On the ith pass, i = 1, 2, . . . n, you toggle the door of every ith locker: if the door is closed, you open it; if it is open, you close it. For example, after the ? rst pass every door is open; on the second pass you only toggle the even-numbered lockers (#2, #4, . . . ) so that after the second pass the even doors are closed and the odd ones are open; the third time through, you close the door of locker #3 (opened from the ? rst pass), open the door of locker #6 (closed from the second pass), and so on. After the last pass, which locker doors are open and which are closed? How many of them are open? 2 Hints to Selected Exercises 1. 1 1. It is probably faster to do this by searching the Web, but your library should be able to help, too. 2. One can ? nd arguments supporting either view. There is a well-established principle pertinent to the matter, though: scienti? c facts or mathematical expressions of them are not patentable. (Why do you think this is the case? ) But should this preclude granting patents for all algorithms? 3. You may assume that you are writing your algorithms for a human rather than a machine. Still, make sure that your descriptions do not contain obvious ambiguities. Knuth ([KnuI], p. 6) provides an interesting comparison between cooking recipes and algorithms. 6. Prove that if d divides both m and n (i. e. , m = sd and n = td for some positive integers s and t), then it also divides both n and r = m mod n and vice versa. Use the formula m = qn + r (0 ? r < n) and the fact that if d divides two integers u and v, it also divides u + v and u ? v. (Why? ) 7. Perform one iteration of the algorithm for two arbitrarily chosen integers m < n. 9. a. Use the equality gcd(m, n) = gcd(m ? n, n) for m ? n > 0. b. The key is to ? gure out the total number of distinct numbers that can be written on the board, starting with an initial pair m, n where m > n ? 1. You should exploit a connection of this question to the question of part (a). Considering small examples, especially those with n = 1 and n = 2, should help, too. 10. Of course, for some coef? cients, the equation will have no solutions. 11. Tracing the algorithm by hand for, say, n = 10 and studying its outcome should help answering both questions. 3 Solutions to Exercises 1. 1. Al-Khwarizmi (9th century C. E. ) was a great Arabic scholar, most famous for his algebra textbook. In fact, the word â€Å"algebra† is derived from the Arabic title of this book while the word â€Å"algorithm† is derived from a translation of Al-Khwarizmi’s last name (see, e. g. , [KnuI], pp. 1-2, [Knu96], pp. 88-92, 114). 2. This legal issue has yet to be settled. The current lega l state of a? airs distinguishes mathematical algorithms, which are not patentable, from other algorithms, which may be patentable if implemented as computer programs (e. g. , [Cha00]). 3. n/a 4. ALGORITHM Exchange valueswithoutT(a,b) //exchange the two values without using temporary variable //Input:two numbers a,b. //Output:exchange values of a,b a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b; ALGORITHM Euclid (m,n) // Computes gcd(m. n) by Euclid’s algorithm // Input: Two nonnegative, not-both-zero integers m and n // Output : Greatest common divisor of m and n while n ? 0 do r 5. 6. Let us ? rst prove that if d divides two integers u and v, it also divides both u + v and u ? v. By de? nition of division, there exist integers s and t such that u = sd and v = td. Therefore u  ± v = sd  ± td = (s  ± t)d, i. . , d divides both u + v and u ? v. 4 Also note that if d divides u, it also divides any integer multiple ku of u. Indeed, since d divides u, u = sd. Hence ku = k(sd) = (ks)d, i. e. , d divides ku. Now we can prove the assertion in question. For any pair of positive integers m and n, if d divides both m and n, it also divides both n and r = m mod n = m ? qn. Similarly, if d divides bot h n and r = m mod n = m ? qn, it also divides both m = r + qn and n. Thus, the two pairs (m, n) and (n, r) have the same ? nite nonempty set of common divisors, including the largest element in the set, i. . , gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, r). 7. For any input pair m, n such that 0 ? m < n, Euclid’s algorithm simply swaps the numbers on the ? rst iteration: gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, m) because m mod n = m if m < n. Such a swap can happen only once since gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, m mod n) implies that the ? rst number of the new pair (n) will be greater than its second number (m mod n) after every iteration of the algorithm. 8. Algorithm: While i 0) && (numbers[j-1] > index)) { numbers[j] = numbers[j-1]; j = j – 1; } numbers[j] = index; } } 3. Align the pattern with the beginning of the text. Compare the corresponding characters of the pattern and the text left-to right until either all the pattern characters are matched (then stop–the search is successful) or the algorithm runs out of the text’s characters (then stop–the search is unsuccessful) or a mismatching pair of characters is encountered. In the latter case, shift the pattern one position to the right and resume the comparisons. 4. a. If we represent each of the river’s banks and each of the two islands by vertices and the bridges by edges, we will get the following graph: 0 a a b c b c d d (This is, in fact, a multigraph, not a graph, because it has more than one edge between the same pair of vertices. But this doesn’t matter for the issue at hand. ) The question is whether there exists a path (i. e. , a sequence of adjacent vertices) in this multigraph that traverses all the edges exactly once and returns to a starting vertex. Such paths are called Eulerian circuits; if a path traverses all the edges exactly once but does not return to its starting vertex, it is called an Eulerian path. b. Euler proved that an Eulerian circuit exists in a connected (multi)graph if and only if all its vertices have even degrees, where the degree of a vertex is de? ned as the number of edges for which it is an endpoint. Also, an Eulerian path exists in a connected (multi)graph if and only if it has exactly two vertices of odd degrees; such a path must start at one of those two vertices and end at the other. Hence, for the multigraph of the puzzle, there exists neither an Eulerian circuit nor an Eulerian path because all its four vertices have odd degrees. If we are to be satis? d with an Eulerian path, two of the multigraph’s vertices must be made even. This can be accomplished by adding one new bridge connecting the same places as the existing bridges. For example, a new bridge between the two islands would make possible, among others, the walk a ? b ? c ? a ? b ? d ? c ? b ? d a a b c b c d d If we want a walk that returns to its starting point, all the vertices in the 21 corres ponding multigraph must be even. Since a new bridge/edge changes the parity of two vertices, at least two new bridges/edges will be needed. For example, here is one such â€Å"enhancement†: a a c b c d d This would make possible a ? b ? c ? a ? b ? d ? c ? b ? d ? a, among several other such walks. 5. A Hamiltonian circuit is marked on the graph below: 6. a. At least three â€Å"reasonable†criteria come to mind: the fastest trip, a trip with the smallest number of train stops, and a trip that requires the smallest number of train changes. Note that the ? rst criterion requires the information about the expected traveling time between stations and the time needed for train changes whereas the other two criteria do not require such information. . A natural approach is to mimic subway plans by representing stations by vertices of a graph, with two vertices connected by an edge if there is a train line between the corresponding stations. If the time spent on changing a tra in is to be taken into account (e. g. , because the station in question is on more than one line), the station should be represented by more then one vertex. 22 7. procedure Queens(unused, board, col, N) if col > N then print board else{ col

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Child Life During the American Revolution Essay

During the American Revolution, children were not a big involvement in it, but, they were still active during it. Well, during this time, there was not really a good schools system for children. Boys were usually out working a job or going to school. They did most of the money work out of all the children. Also, while the boys were working, the girls were at home learning proper etiquette from their mother or a house slave. Girls were taught to be very lady-like during all hours. It was very rare to see a girls go to school getting a proper education. Lastly, some of the older boys were out fighting in the Revolutionary War. Boys would do war work at a young age back then. One thing that boys did during the American Revolution is go to school and get jobs. Their type of school system during the American Revolution was not like our school system today. In the late 1700s weren’t as structured, settled, and complicated. At the schools the boys went to they learn mostly about Christianity and how to read and write. Boys went to grammar school and college. There was a public school that was free for education and then there was a private school that you have to pay. People in the Middle Class and Upper Class were usually the only class of people that attended school. Back then, school wasn’t mandatory. If a boy wasn’t in school he would usually be working. It was usually a low paying job because money was limited during the American Revolution. There are very few jobs that a boy (not a man) can get during the American Revolution. One of the only jobs a boy could get is a place in the war. As in, they’d be participating in the Revolutionary War. One thing that girls did during the American Revolution is staying at home learning proper etiquette. They’d usually learn this from their mother. If they were in a household where slaves were treated respectably and knew how to read and write, (for example, how Miss Mary Finch treated Isabel and her family in the book Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson) then sometimes an elderly house slave would teach her while her mom is gone. Sometimes when a family doesn’t own a slave they stay home and clean, usually. It was very rare for a girl to have a proper education in this period of time. Girls were not allowed in in grammar school or college, but most girls still knew how to read and write. I a girl waned to have an education whatsoever she would have to attend a homeschooled education. Homeschooled girls were not educated at the same level the boys that went to school were. The girls were taught religion too, but, hey were only taught simple math and simple English. They weren’t really taught anything complicated. Lastly, a common job that a boy would get during the American Revolution is going into the Revolutionary War. Though most of the men fighting in the war were from the ages 8 to 50 or 60, there were boys that were 12 at the youngest. The actually had a pretty important job in the war. Most of the 12, 13, and 14 year olds were â€Å"drummer boys†. The drummer boys made â€Å"field music† for the soldiers. The drums were an important means of conveying orders to the soldiers on the battlefield. Some children were â€Å"powder monkeys†. â€Å"Powder moneys† are the people whose job was to run and carry powder charges from the lower ship below the waterline to the gun crews shooting the cannons during the battles. The older kids (about 15 or 16) went out to sea as midshipmen. A midshipman is a navel cadet. As you can see, children weren’t handed that many opportunities during this period of time. There weren’t children out playing with their friends, going to the movies, etc. They were very limited to what they could do. Boys could, really, only go to school or get a job. Girls just stayed home and rarely go a proper education. Also, boys could join he war. The child life during the American Revolution was very limited.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Sea Shells by the Seashore - Practice the S Sound

Sea Shells by the Seashore - Practice the 'S' Sound Tongue twisters are fun words games we use to challenge our pronunciation. As an English learner, you can use tongue twisters to help with pronunciation of certain sounds. This tongue twister  is perfect for practicing your s sounds. Use lots of breath to help you get the hissing s sound strong. Remember that s is voiceless - pronounced without the voice by pushing air between your teeth and through open and rounded lips. Sea Shells by the Sea Shore She sells sea shells by the seashore.The shells she sells are surely seashells.So if she sells shells on the seashore,Im sure she sells seashore shells. Improve Your Pronunciation of S Sea Shells by the Seashore helps you practice s. The s sound is voiceless and sometimes confused with the z sound which is voiced, or the sh sound which is also voiceless.  Practice the difference in these sounds with minimal pairs - words that only have a difference between the s, z and sh sound.   sip - ship - zipsea - z - shesign - shinezap - sap Feel the Difference Between Voiceless and Voiced Sounds Place your hand on your throat and say sea and you will feel no vibration for the s sound. Place your hand on your throat and say zebra and youll feel no vibration at all for the z - a voiced sound.

Monday, October 21, 2019

On some Counterproductive Social Aspects of Controlled Subst essays

On some Counterproductive Social Aspects of Controlled Subst essays In human society controlled substances have always had a significant presence in social situations. From the dawn of human civilization in Central Africa about twenty-five thousand years ago, drugs have been a part of human culture. In almost every past civilization there is evidence of drug use in some form. Honest normal people obviously have a want inside of them to alter their state of consciousness, to argue this fact is both a futile and imbecile endeavor. Instead we must come to terms with the reasons one would want to gethigh.? To portray these users as anything less than normal humans would only demonstrate the extent of one's ignorance on matters of human nature. What we do is what we do, and all that we do by definition is natural. For any one to call these controlled substancesbad? orevil? again would only demonstrate one's overwhelming ignorance. We can instead acknowledge the fact that in modern society, certain drugs could be counterproductive or even dangerous to one' s wellbeing. I aim to designate the reasons one in modern American society would ever think to voluntarily come under the influence of a substance. Also I would like to elaborate on the justification of ritualistic or ceremonial use of substances, and how this reflects on the prohibition of select substances in the United States. We must reevaluate the situation of prohibition in the United States based on the facts presented herein. I also aim to question the justification of total prohibition in light of alternate policies that might ultimately benefit our society in a much greater way than prohibition ever did. I will try my best to harbor no biases towards or against drugs. I hope that the reader when reading this will employ the same objective attitude. Having stated that, controlled substances can have a definitely ha a profound negative effect on one's being. Depending on the circumstances, drugs can be extremely counterproductive towards one's gene...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

TransAsia plane crashes in Taiwan river

TransAsia plane crashes in Taiwan river A TransAsia Airways plane carrying 53 people, including two children and five crew members, crashed in a river in Taiwan’s capital. At Least 13 People killed and Carrier loses the second aircraft in last 8 months. The first deadly incident for TransAsia in the past   year    was a plane   crashed July 23 near the airport at Magong on Taiwan’s Penghu island during a thunderstorm. As a result, 48 deaths and 10 people were injured. A TransAsia plane crashed shortly Wednesday morning and fall into a river just minutes after takeoff.  TransAsia Flight GE235, an ATR 72-600 turboprop, took off from Taipei at around 10.53am and was on its way to the island of Kinmen when the incident    happened. At least   27 people have been rescued from the plane’s wreckage. A number of people have been sent to the hospital, and the death toll has been steadily rising throughout the day. According to CNA, 31 passengers aboard the flight were Chinese tourists from Xiamen. A TransAsia media office declined to comment on possible reasons for the crash, deferring to a news conference scheduled for later on Wednesday. The causes of the disaster were not immediately clear but FlightRadar24.com, a specialist website, said the      plane had attempted to   turn back before its crash and had been in the air for less than three minutes. TransAsia Airways CEO Chen Xinde told reporters that TransAsia Airways expressed its deep apology to the victims and our crew. Dramatic pictures taken by a motorist and posted on Twitter showed the plane cartwheeling over the motorway soon after the turboprop ATR 72-600 aircraft took off in apparently clear weather on a domestic flight. Another video broadcast on Taiwanese television appeared to show the plane striking a bridge before crashing. Rescue operations are ongoing and first responders in rubber boats are currently trying to enter the aircraft.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Markting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Markting - Essay Example without his own father, he is often conflicted and this conflict that he faces leads to the death of his guardian, Uncle Ben and when he confronts the alter ego, Green Goblin, who is the embodiment of evil as well as the father of his best friend. Though he manages to kill Goblin, when his friend Harry arrives on the scene, he has to hide the fact about Goblin’s true identity as Harry’s father. Spiderman walks away from the scene with the words of Uncle Ben, â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility† echoing in his ears. Thus, the conflict that is portrayed in the movie is about how with power comes a responsibility to make sense of the complex world and wield power in a responsible manner. This is applicable to the project of American expansion abroad where the US and its government have to confront evil as well as behave with responsibility. The movie was a record grosser and part of the success of the movie had to do with the way it sends a message to the leaders to act in a sensible manner. Power has to be wielded in the real world considering the Janus faced human nature. However, it has to be tempered with caution and prudence lest it might create more enemies in the process. This is the essential conflict facing the US in its â€Å"War on Terror†. The TV show chosen is Larry King Live and this show airs on a daily basis throughout the week on CNN. It is no exaggeration to say that Larry King is one of the most influential people in the US and this is mainly due to the appeal he has on audiences, both domestic and international. The show interviews people who have been in the news and takes us into the inner landscape of these newsmakers. Larry King probes and probes real hard. The show grossed record audiences in the run up to the Presidential election of 2008 with the appearance of the campaign teams from both sides including the candidates as well. The way in which it covered the national conventions along with the campaigns of the respective

Friday, October 18, 2019

Obstructive Uropathy and Myocardial Infarction Essay

Obstructive Uropathy and Myocardial Infarction - Essay Example Obstruction to urine flow can result from intrinsic or extrinsic mechanical blockade as well as from functional defects not associated with fixed occlusion of the urinary drainage system. Mechanical obstruction can occur at any level of the urinary tract, from the renal calyces to the external urethral meatus. Normal points of narrowing, such as the ureteropelvic and ureterovesical junctions, bladder neck, and urethral meatus, are common sites of obstruction. When blockage is above the level of the urinary bladder, unilateral dilatation of the ureter or hydroureter and renal pyelocalyceal system or hydronephrosis, occur; whereas, lesions at or below the level of the bladder cause bilateral involvement. While obstructive uropathy can occur in all age groups, in relation to the following case study that is about a 77-year-old patient, not all the causes are relevant. Bladder dysfunction may be secondary to bladder neck obstruction. In adults, urinary tract obstruction is due mainly to acquired defects; pelvic tumors, calculi, and urethral stricture predominate. Schistosoma haematobium and genitourinary tuberculosis are infectious causes of ureteral obstruction. Obstructive uropathy may also result from extrinsic neoplastic or inflmmatory disorder (Goldfarb, S., 2008). Pathophysiology: Myocardial infarction generally occurs when coronary blood flow decreases abruptly after a thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery previously affected by atherosclerosis. Slowly developing, high-grade coronary artery stenoses do not usually precipitate myocardial infarction (MI) because of the development of a rich collateral network over time. Instead, MI occurs when a coronary artery thrombus develops rapidly at a site of vascular injury. This injury is produced or facilitated by factors such as cigarette smoking, hypertension, and lipid accumulation. In most cases, infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque fissures, ruptures, or ulcerates and when conditions favor thrombogenesis, so that a mural thrombus forms at the site of rupture and leads to coronary artery occlusion. Histologic studies indicate that the coronary plaques prone to rupture are those with a rich lipid core and a thin fibrous cap. Myocardial infarction is defined as the death of heart mu scle resulting from severe, prolonged ischemia. It usually involves the left ventricle. Most MIs are confined to the distribution of a single coronary artery and are designated as anterior, anteroseptal, lateral, and posteroinferior. Multiregional infarcts also occur. Myocardial infarctions are designated as subendocardial or non-Q-wave when the necrosis is limited to the inner half of the ventricular wall or transmural or Q-wave when the necrosis involves not only the inner half but significant amounts of the outer half of the ventricular wall. The electrocardiographic (ECG) correlates are the ST segment elevation with Q-wave pattern for transmural infarcts and the ST segment depression without Q-wave pattern for subendocardial infarcts. If it is a thrombus, the thrombus typically involves the major coronary artery in the distribution of the infarcted myocardium (K/DOQI, 2004). Subendocardial MI without occlusive thrombosis is related to the influence of other factors,

Wave Theories and Their Applicability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wave Theories and Their Applicability - Essay Example This disturbance carries the energy and travels through the water from one location to another without or temporarily transporting the water on which the wind acts. It is like transfer of power or energy from one thing to another. The wind exerts the force on water to form the wave to carry its energy. Then where the wind energy comes from It's again recursive. It's not the topic of discussion in this coursework. Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam is in great patches and is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole, the surface of the sea takes a white appearance. The rolling of the sea becomes heavy and shock like. Visibility is affected. Exceptionally high waves (small and medium sized ships might for a long time be lost to view behind the waves). The sea is completely covered with white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Visibility is affected. After many years of experience and deep observations with water waves lead to the development of different wave theories. And Stokes Wave Theory is the one among them. In this theory Stokes uses the common approach of generation of waves due to the wind. The three major parameters involved in the theory and they are the waves, which are subjected to certain boundary conditions, the equations of motion and the fluid (ideal or perfect or frictionless) on which the wind acts to form the wave. ... The sea is completely covered with white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Visibility is affected. 35 20 12 64-71 Hurricane Air filled with foam and spray. Sea completely white with driving spray. Visibility is very seriously affected. 40 22 WAVE THEORIES After many years of experience and deep observations with water waves lead to the development of different wave theories. And Stokes Wave Theory is the one among them. In this theory Stokes uses the common approach of generation of waves due to the wind. The three major parameters involved in the theory and they are the waves, which are subjected to certain boundary conditions, the equations of motion and the fluid (ideal or perfect or frictionless) on which the wind acts to form the wave. Nowadays there are several variations of Stokes Theory developed using the computer implementations and are called the Extension of the Stokes theory to higher orders. For example, Stokes 2nd order, 3rd order and so on. Dean's (1965) stream function theory is the theory, which uses the stream function in place of the velocity potential to develop it. Dean (1974) did a limited comparison of measured horizontal particle velocity in a wave tank with the tenth-order stream function theory and several o ther theories. Again the variations of the stream function theory developed using different numerical methods by Dalrymple 1974, Chaplin 1980, Reinecker and Fenton 1981. Stokes finite amplitude wave theory is a non-linear shallow-water wave theory and is applicable when the depth to wavelength ratio d/L is greater than about 1/8 or kd > 0.78 or Ur < 79. As waves move into shallow water, portions of the wave travel faster because of amplitude dispersion

PROMOTION in the Merchandising Environment - Glamourflage - Part 5-10 Essay

PROMOTION in the Merchandising Environment - Glamourflage - Part 5-10 of the Project - Essay Example Glamourflage has a variety of tailor-made products which guarantee beauty, gun and joy! If you want to spice up your holiday, then you should try it out. In the current market, social media has grown to become a very critical promotional tool. Therefore, staying in contact with the clients on social media platforms will allow Glamourflage to create a personal bond and relationship with the clients. Moreover, the social media platforms will act as a communication avenue through which the clients can learn more about the products. To achieve this, three social media platforms will be used. These are Facebook, Instagram and Pinterest. Being one of the most widely used social media platform, Glamourflage will use Facebook as the primary way of socially interaction with the clients. Through Facebook, the brand can showcase its products and portray itself as a fun brand through various pictures, announcements and postings from satisfied clients. Personal videos will also be posted in the page so that client awareness is created. Clients will be encouraged to tag their friends and share the pictures and posts in the page. The Facebook page will have several options as shown below. Glamourflage will have its own Instagram page. The content in the Instagram page will be in line with what has been posted in the Facebook page. The various posts on the consumer experience, pictures of the products and the videos from the clients will also be shared on the Instagram page. By doing this, more clients will be attracted to post their pictures and share with others how the Glamourflage products has make skin caring process

Thursday, October 17, 2019

This assignment invites you to explore some of the theoretical

This invites you to explore some of the theoretical underpinning of SFG, as presented in the literature - Assignment Example 15). Micro issues are grammar and punctuation-related in essay writing. Syntax is the procedural term used to define sentence structure. Bad syntax is brought about by badly ordered sentences with no apparent and concise meanings. Inappropriate use of tenses is another micro issue that can be avoided with the introduction and discussion of other people’s judgment using present tense, and using consistency within the sentences. Prepositions are other grammatical features that are frequently misused (Barton, 1999, p. 41). Describing the position and movement, prepositions the state used in the sentence should always be double-checked because they always seem correctly used, even when they are not. Colons, semi-colons, apostrophes and speech marks are marks that can be evaded to keep of unnecessary grammatical errors (Forster, 1981, p. 27). Issues in essay writing feature grammatical, punctuation and syntax aspects that often require double-checking after writing. Advice, guidance, and interactive sources from the reference list can be used to guide the writer on aspects of the topic of the essay (Forster, Mohan & Hector, 2003, p. 13). Developed as one entity, everything developed within an essay should be authored with originality to avoid plagiarism. Grammatical and syntax issues are a vital part of the essay and should be consistently observed by the writer when proofreading the written work (Barton, 1999, p. 46). The four are phonetics, words, sentences and text (Kinoshita and Lupker, 2003, p. 3). The phonetic is the spoken sense of the language and words are a combination of letters to make a meaning as a group sentences are grouped words that give meaning as a group. The texts are a combination of sentences that make meaning. With language we are able to communicate what is going on in our minds in order to understand ourselves and the other persons better (Kinoshita and

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Germany's Political Situation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Germany's Political Situation - Research Paper Example The state has high living standards, and an inclusive system of community security. The country is known worldwide for its cultural and political history (Hilmer, 2002, p. 5). Germany’s political influence is well documented both locally and international. The country influenced global politics that led to the two World Wars and locally through the Nazi regime. However, the country has grown politically, and it currently is a democratic hallmark for other countries. Germany has a federal, representative and parliamentary system of government. The political system functions under a structure laid out in the constitutional document of 1949. Amendments to the constitution require 66% majority votes from the chambers of parliament. The fundamental principles of the German constitution express human dignity, federal structures, and separation of power and rule of law as valid in perpetuity. The President heads the state, and the presidential institution has the representative power s and responsibilities. The President comes to power through a federal convention, which constitutes members of the Bundestag and state delegates. The President of the Bundestag has the second highest official powers after the president. This President, elected by the Bundestag, oversees the daily sessions of the German parliament. The Chancellor occupies the third highest office in Germany. The Chancellor heads the government and is appointed after elections by the Bundestag (Schmidt, 2005, p. 149). The Chancellor heads the government and has executive powers similar the Prime Minister in other democracies. The parliament has the federal legislative powers, and it consists of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. The Bundestag undergoes direct elections through proportional representation. Members of the Bundesrat make the government of 16th federal state, and the state cabinet (Schmidt, 2005, p. 155). Since 1949, party system dominated German politics. The Christian Democratic Union an d the Social Democratic Party of Germany characterized German politics, with all German Chancellors having membership of the two parties. However, liberal parties such as the Alliance ‘90/The Greens and the Free Democratic Party also played crucial roles in German politics. The law system in Germany has its basis on the Roman law that is civil. Germany comprises 16 states, referred to as Lander. Each state has a constitution, and they are largely autonomous with regard to internal organization. Germany has states of varying sizes and populations. In 2009, the country was divided into 403 districts, with 102 urban districts and 301 rural districts (Wheeler-Bennet, 1965, p. 468). In the past, Germany was divided into kingdoms, which later united to form the German Empire. This empire had a ruler known as an Emperor or Kaiser. The Kaiser did not gain power through election, but rather through inheritance or nomination. Only men took part in the elections of the Reichstag, as wome n did not have voting powers. The Reichstag or Imperial Assembly was a weak body. This body could not formulate laws; it could only pass, reject or amend bills initiated by the Kaiser appointed chancellor. During the early days of the empire, the Reichstag functioned in agreement with the Kaiser; this means that the Kaiser controlled the body. However, with time, the body became less compliant with Kaiser’s wishes. Disagreement between Kaiser and the Reichstag led to

This assignment invites you to explore some of the theoretical

This invites you to explore some of the theoretical underpinning of SFG, as presented in the literature - Assignment Example 15). Micro issues are grammar and punctuation-related in essay writing. Syntax is the procedural term used to define sentence structure. Bad syntax is brought about by badly ordered sentences with no apparent and concise meanings. Inappropriate use of tenses is another micro issue that can be avoided with the introduction and discussion of other people’s judgment using present tense, and using consistency within the sentences. Prepositions are other grammatical features that are frequently misused (Barton, 1999, p. 41). Describing the position and movement, prepositions the state used in the sentence should always be double-checked because they always seem correctly used, even when they are not. Colons, semi-colons, apostrophes and speech marks are marks that can be evaded to keep of unnecessary grammatical errors (Forster, 1981, p. 27). Issues in essay writing feature grammatical, punctuation and syntax aspects that often require double-checking after writing. Advice, guidance, and interactive sources from the reference list can be used to guide the writer on aspects of the topic of the essay (Forster, Mohan & Hector, 2003, p. 13). Developed as one entity, everything developed within an essay should be authored with originality to avoid plagiarism. Grammatical and syntax issues are a vital part of the essay and should be consistently observed by the writer when proofreading the written work (Barton, 1999, p. 46). The four are phonetics, words, sentences and text (Kinoshita and Lupker, 2003, p. 3). The phonetic is the spoken sense of the language and words are a combination of letters to make a meaning as a group sentences are grouped words that give meaning as a group. The texts are a combination of sentences that make meaning. With language we are able to communicate what is going on in our minds in order to understand ourselves and the other persons better (Kinoshita and

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Virtue and Truest Chivalry Essay Example for Free

Virtue and Truest Chivalry Essay Originally Latin, actually spelled â€Å"caballarius and pronounced â€Å"SHiv? lre†, is chivalry. Chivalry is the combination of qualities expected of an ideal knight. Such qualities include honor, courtesy, courage, justice, and willing to assist those in need. If one is chivalrous in character, then one is a gentleman and noble in his good deeds. He would in no manner hesitate to serve others and serve his God. This is evident as Honore de Balzac puts it: â€Å"the motto of chivalry is also the motto of wisdom; to serve all, but love only one. † Chivalry, besides its original usage as â€Å"calvary,† can truly only be delineated in only one way, which is to refer to a virtuous code of conduct. There isn’t any negative connotations to the word either, unless somebody called a fellow thane chivalrous in Old Anglo-Saxon times! Other than that, the only emotional association with the word is generally positive. This noble idea of conduct is constituted of several virtues in spite of the narrow usage of the word. So, how did chivalry come into existence? Journey to the medieval times and you will discover that chivalry was once an existential characteristic of every man sworn into nobility or born into it. These men were knights. Medieval knights battled horseback and practiced outstanding gallantry. Knights were always calvary in battle, and exhibited righteous morals. A group of knights was actually called â€Å"the chivalry† of the militia. They were excelled in sword craft nearly comparable to their high level of graciousness, and could ride a horse well-nigh to the speed of which they are willing to assist a damsel in distress. Chivalry came to be known as the demeanor of an ideal knight, rather than simply a group of knights. As Chaucer puts it in Canterbury Tales, an ideal knight loved chivalry, truth and honor, freedom and courtesy; a very gentle, perfect knight. † Whatever happened to chivalry? Certain writers may say chivalry is dead, or it might just have a bad case of the flu. As long as wrongs are still righted, chivalry will survive. Chivalry cannot and will never die out. It may become exponentially less evident everyday, but underlying all the rudeness and discourtesy, chivalry is there. Chivalry does indeed need to be implemented more and more into society. Every single man’s major desire should be to act magnanimously and reveal a generous and noble state of mind. If every man were to be genuinely chivalrous then hardly would there ever be any cheating, debt, adultery, stealing, or even bad attitudes. Each and every man would be true in their religion, honest, courteous, and would have a burning passion to do what is right. Think of that chivalry based utopian society. A world where people were more worried about humbling themselves rather than raising themselves up would be phenomenal. Modern chivalry should predominate like it did with Sir Lancelot around Queen Guinevere. Contemporary America could learn from John Bowring’s â€Å"Chivalry† poem which reads: â€Å"Now tell me what is chivalry? To battle in the foremost fight For anything—for wrong—for right, For some fair ladys scornful smile, For what is virtuous, what is vile, Come, tell me, is this chivalry? No! in the men for truth who pant, In wretchedness and woe and want, Who bear the worlds contemptuous hate, With patient soul, with heart elate. No! in the woman in whose home No peace is found, no comforts come, Yet bends in silence,—feeling still Tis Gods most kind, most holy will. This—this is truest chivalry! † Chivalry essentially is the essence of all that is good, virtuous, and holy, conglomerated into one admirably cultivated code of conduct to live by.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Case Study: Energy Drink Industry

Case Study: Energy Drink Industry No serious and lasting achievement or success one ever achieves without the friendly guidance and co-operation of so many people involved in work. Foremost of all, I express my gratitude to the Almighty for his blessings and foresting wisdom in all my wishes. I am also thankful to my Subject Teacher ABHAY TIWARI , who has helped me a lot each and every time when I had some difficulty. Words are not sufficient to register my sincere regards to my loving parents for their deep affection and unabated inspiration that really kept me going. They were and unending source of strength and perseverance during the course of the study. I place my thanks to al l those who spared their time and made it convenient for me to complete the research. I deeply acknowledge their concern for my research. Last but not the least, I also wish to red cord my gratitude for any person(s), my memory has failed to recall, who rendered his/her/ their support and services. History of energy drinks: Packed with caffeine, taurine and vitamins-B, energy drinks are the current fuel of choice of the todays generation. More energy mean for work and more productivity. So, life gets pace quickly and the energy drinks market expands .It all started in Japan when Taisho pharmaceuticals released a drink called Lipovitan-D in 1962. It contained a mix of b1, b2 and b6 vitamins, along with niacin and taurine all are concentrated and boost energy. Tonic drink is popularly grown up in Asia. In 1987, an Australian named Dietrich Mateschitz took the same concept but added sugar and caffeine to it and formulated red bull, which quickly popular in the Europe. Around the same time, Americans were accessorizing their all-night Atari marathons with Jolt Cola, which was advertised as having all the sugar and twice the caffeine of Coke. When Red Bull hit the market in the U.S., they had to carve the niche alone, so traditional marketing and branding strategies wouldnt work. They started sponsoring non-traditional athletes(no, not in-line skaters; more like kite sailors and sky surfers) and began an annual event called Flug tag, in which amateur aviators build their own stylized aircraft and compete to see who can fly the farthest over water. And , when Red Bull started marketing their drink to bars as a cocktail mixer. Red Bull remains the top name in energy drinks to this day, with global sales estimated at about $2 billion annually. Thats not to say there isnt competition. Dozens upon dozens of brands flood the energy drink market. Its hard to say how many, exactly, because upstart companies come and go, but heavy-hitters like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Anheuser-Busch have all developed their own energy drinks. Jolt Cola has been re-branded as an energy drink; it now comes in a can shaped like a big battery. Hansen, a natural soda company, entered the game with Monster Energy. Rockstar, the first energy drink to make itself available in 16- and 24-ounce cans, has been in third place behind Red Bull and Monster for a while, but Coca-Cola recently inked a deal to distribute the drink. Yes, Rockstar has finally signed with a major label. All the marketing in the world, however, hasnt convinced the French, Danish, or Norwegian governments to legalize high caffeine energy drinks in their countries, and Argentina recently became the fourth country to outlaw such beverages. Other governments and food safety agencies have also raised concerns about whether the drinks pose health risks. To research such a matter is to wade through a scientific point/counterpoint debate so thick that one would need a 24-ounce can of low-carb Monster just to read through all the applicable articles. While many are apprehensive about potential dangers, the bottom line seems to be that energy drinks are probably no worse for you than strong coffee, and should therefore be treated accordingly. Taurine, one of the main ingredients in most energy drinks, hasnt been the subject of any long-term studies, so the jury is still out on that one. On one hand, taurine is produced naturally in the body, so it should be harmless, but on the other hand it i s possible that too much taurine could be a bad thing, and the effect of combining it with caffeine and other ingredients has yet to be fully explored. But even if a major news story were to break tomorrow claiming that all energy drinks are made from the blood of orphans and that taurine causes hair loss and acute leprosy, the stuff is undoubtedly here to stay. With any luck, theyll keep our nations scientists awake long enough to finally give us our damn jet packs! Porters five forces for energy drink industry The energy drink industry is very competitive for all corporations involved, with the greatest competition being that from rivalry sellers within the industry. All energy drink companies have to think about the pressures; that from rival seller within the industry, new entrants to the industry, substitutes of the products, buyers and sellers. New entrant: New entry is not a strong competitive pressure for the energy drink industry because;there are so,many brand who are entering into the market such as cloud 9,xxx,phantom and so many. Red bull and few other energy drinks are dominate the industry with their strong brand name and great distribution channels. Energy drink is fully saturated and growth is low. It is very difficult for new and unknown entrant to start competing against the existing firms. Some another barrier are also their such as high fixed cost of warehouse and other so many expenses and economies of scale. New entrant cannot compete in price without economies of scale. These high capital requirement and market saturation make it extremely difficult for the new company to enter the energy drink industry. Substitute: Substitute products are those products competitors which are not present in the energy drink industry. Substitute of this industry are strong competitors. Such substitute of energy drinks industry products are fruit juices, water bottle, soft drinks, coffee and tea. Substitutes are strong for energy drinks industry because; Water bottle, soft drinks, fruit juices, coffee are increasingly popular with trend to be a more health conscious consumers. There are progressively more varieties in fruit juices and coffee that appeal to different consumers tastes but appears healthier than energy drinks. Coffee and tea are competitive substitute because they also provide caffeine that provided by energy drinks also. The consumer who consumes lot of energy drinks may substitute coffee because if they want to keep caffeine and lose the sugar and according to the taste. Specially blend coffee becoming very famous and popular because of so many coffee cafà © are opened and offers many different taste to the consumers. Intake of coffee and fruit juices instead of energy drinks very healthier and very cheap in cost also. Suppliers power: Suppliers bargaining power is higher because there is huge number of firms present in the energy drinks industry. Supplier for the energy drinks industry holds much competitive pressures. The bargaining power of suppliers is higher because; There is large number of energy drinks firms and most of them are using tin and aluminum mix cans for their packaging, which is not much availability because thousands of other industry are using tin and aluminum for their packaging the products. Supplier of tin and aluminum are few so bargaining power suppliers is high. It is difficult to switch other suppliers. Because it will take more time to supply and deals. Buyers power: Bar gaining power of energy drinks industry are mainly large grocers, discount stores and restaurants. The energy drinks companies distributed to beverages to these stores for resale to the consumers. The bargaining power is very strong because large grocers and discount stores buy large numbers of energy drinks, allowing them to buy at lower price. There is another reason also that many number of firms are in the energy drink industry so, different brand of energy drinks are available in the market. Rivalry: The competitive pressure from rivalry sellers is greatest competition that faced by the firms present in the energy drink because red bull acquiring most of the market in this industry and few other companies are also growth at the faster rate because of that the rivalry competition will be more in this industry, red bull, cloud9, Gatorade, monsters, tab, Rockstar, these are major players in the industry. The rivalry will be higher because; Brand name loyalty is competitive pressure because brand key customers loyalty survey shows that brand with the greatest customers loyalty in industry. Red bull, rockstar, monster, these drinks have greater loyalty than other energy drinks and famous brand name. Distribution channels are very vast and because of this they are competing with each others. Another companies are also growing and acquiring market share and increasing the distributing channels with variety in products so it the major competing thing in the industry. Major players in market: There are many players in the energy drinks industry worldwide red bull, monster, rockstar, amp and tab these are the rating series of energy drinks but in Indian market these are few major player who are playing vital role in Indian market by confidently except red bull because red bull is exceptional case because it is the oldest energy drink and very major player but other are try to competing with each others and increasing their market share. Major Players in Indian markets are: Red bull: red bull is acquiring most of the market share among all other energy drinks and the market share of red bull in market of energy drink is 42.6 (based on dollar sales). Cloud 9. Gatorade. Xxx. Red bull: Red bull is the oldest product in the market and capturing the industry share almost half of the other products. Logo: two charging bulls. Target market: long strenuous night shift audience. Slogan: red bull gives you wings. SWOT analysis of red bull company: Strength: From this we can say that what the strength of the company is; Fashionable brand image and image for high standard. Oldest energy drink in the industry capturing the largest share of the industry. High revenue as price is set 10% than other energy drinks, which increase the revenue of the company. So many market shares are sold to different countries. Famous for more caffeine and dangerous ingredient are added in it named edge. Brand equity and brand loyalty. Weakness: what are the weaknesses of the company due to? Red bull may have lost its edge because of government accepted as being safe because many customers like strong ingredient and some are using light so its depend on person to person. Lack of patent. No campaign are organized, all the sales and revenue are getting by only the brand image. Very high price, low level of income cannot consume. Opportunities: it can show us what are the opportunities of the company by which they can raise more in the market? They have the opportunity to introduce more product variants or more flavor like others are doing to increase their consumers. Expanding their brand into different countries. Consumer recognize through sponsorship of sports and event. They should increase their consumption by more advertising. Threats: Threats of the company are; Consumer purchases other illegal energy drink instead of red bull containing more taurine and caffeine. Now a days safe would be accepted by many of people instead of red bull edge it may lost its consumers. Market share would be decrease due to some many other substitute and competitors are available in the market. New entrant is also coming in Indian market and other countries this may cause in the decrease in the market share. Todays new organic energy drinks market is coming into the market which may snatch the red bull market. Substitute like soft drinks and fruit juices. Gatorade: First made in 1965, for the university of Florida football. It developed to replace the fluids and help prevent from dehydration. Target market: athletes Logo: lightning Current slogan: Is it in you. SWOT analysis of Gatorade Company: Strength: It means what is the strength of the company by which company are getting benefit and got many benefits. Loyal customers, we saw many players are using Gatorade while playing sports and doing activities. Strong brand equity. Innovations, we can say that Gatorade became famous by their flavors they introduced so many flavors such as berry, lemon, orange and black cherry. Supply chain is very good of the company. Unique products are also available such as Gatorade thirst quenchers, fierce, frost, xtremo. Weakness: what is the weakness of the company due to that reasons company are not growing at much higher rate. Non-diversified product line. Poor exposure and promotion because its only promote in abroad such as in usa and it is known by in India but not much very less promotion campaign are settled by the company. Distribution channel is not good enough if we comparing to red bull and other drinks. Opportunities: what are the opportunities by which company can increase their growth? Expand their brand by which people come to know because there are many region and areas where people dont know about the brand. They should increase their product because many flavors are not available in all the places and they should increase their services also. Threats: Competitors are the major threat because many companies are present in this industry are large number of players are present in the market. New entrant are interesting in the market and this wiil be the greater threat to the company because life becoming busy and everybody need drinks with full of energy which attracts other companies to attract toward the industry. SJ xxx: A very new product in the industry of energy rinks and one of the most fast growing energy drinks in the market. It is the Indian product by JMJ GROUPS and introduced this year in the 4-5 state and the result in seen good for the product in the market. It was sponsored team Kolkata knight rides in Indian premier league in 2010 which really works for xxx. They kept price in comparison to red bull and introduce two variants in same drink. Logo: xxx in column wise. Target market: people with age between 15-40. Slogan: extreme drink for extreme people. SWOT analysis of SJ XXX energy drink: Strength: strength of the company; Good reputation of the marketing group. The entire launch is very successful for the brand. Xxx seen as young and trendy look and motivate the teen and Youngers to go through. Attraction design and name is very attractive. Brand endorsed by very famous celebrity SHAHRUKH KHAN. Weakness: weakness of the company; Concentrate only on few states such as Goa, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Delhi. Low investment on advertising promotion. Very high prices at the starting knowing this that there are many present in the market. Very less awareness among all the other products. Huge gap between existing firms takes much time to grow. Opportunities: XXX-nicofix variant of company reduces the tobacco craze in youngster and it may helps in increase the favorability. XXX-rejuve variant of company are good option to improve immune system which creates awareness of using xxx. This new product in the market so it is the good opportunity for company to positioning and placing their product. New events and sports events are yet to come in the market and by sponsoring them regularly they can build their image in the market. Threats: Existing firms who are well stabled in the market from last many of years like red bull, Gatorade and cloud9 and others also. If they are thinking to launch in abroad so much higher threat are to company because many of strongest competitors are present already in the market and strong competitors and have brand loyalty. Substitute is also present in the market so it also gives the competition. Cloud9: it is manufactured by Goldwin healthcare Pvt. Ltd. This company is specialists in the manufacturing of 100% natural lifestyle energy drinks and caffeine free cola. In the future, cloud 9 plans, itself to the peak of the industry where the sky not finished. Cloud 9 grows it Indian presence all the expanding into the overseas market. Logo: Its name cloud9. Target market: youth and athletes. Slogan: heaven meets earth. SWOT analysis of the cloud9: Strength: Good flavor taste, it is much better taste and comparative red bull bit same but not similar. Good consumer awareness. Sponsored in big events of India such as fashion events, sports. Good investment on advertisement. Well known parent company. Availability in small cans also like other energy drinks are not available in small packing but this drink is available. Low prices comparative to other energy drinks mostly than red bull , rockstar, Sj xxx. Weakness: Low area coverage by the promotional strategy. Competition within its own variable brands. Low level of distribution channels because not available in so many areas and cities. Opportunities: Only brand available in the market with the five flavor. No other brand is providing this kind of flavor only Gatorade does but not all available in Indian market. Associated it in different award functions and organized itself in different event and parties. It has brand ambassadors like shilpa shetty. Being the first energy drink brand in the Indian market. It would b put positive effect on the Indian consumers. Threats: New entrants in the market the rapid growth of the market attracting so many companies to launching their drinks so it is the biggest threat of the existing firms to new entrants. New favours from other brand which increase their growth rate by innovative the new flavor brand with different technology and ingredient like xxx-rejuve which improve the immune system. So many brand which being global and some are coming toward our country which is also a threat and if we thought to launch our products in the foreign market this is also the threat because of globalization.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Essay --

Who would have ever thought that a black boy from the wrong side of town in New Orleans would turn out to be one of the greatest jazz musicians to ever live? Louis Daniel Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901, in a place called â€Å"the Battlefield† New Orleans, to Mary and William Armstrong. However, when Louis was still an infant his father left their family and he went to go live with his grandmother. After Louis turned five, he moved back in with his mother and sister, Beatrice, who Louis had come to call â€Å"Mama Lucy.† At just 7 years old, Louis purchased his very first cornet, which he taught himself to play, and with it created his first vocal quartet. Then when Louis was 13, in celebration of the New Year, he set off a gun in the middle of the street. Police arrested him, and sent him to the New Orleans Colored Reformatory, also known as The Waifs Home for Boys. During his sentence at the Waif Home, the Director of the band there took Louis under his wing. Th e Director, Peter Davis, taught young Louis how to play the bugle. Mr. Davis also gave Louis his very first trumpet. It was at this point in Louis’ life that music gave him a direction and a purpose. After spending three years in the Waifs Home, Louis was released, he was 16 at the time. During this time, Louis had odd jobs like singing on corners, working on a junk wagon, cleaning graves, and selling coal for money. He used his earnings to help his family. In 1918, Louis married a prostitute by the name of Daisy Parker, they divorced in 1922. According to Combo USA, Louis mentioned later on that he believed it was a mistake to have married Daisy. After a bit of reflection, he did not think that they were old enough to have gotten married. Louis met Joseph Oliver shortly bef... ...you are still able to pick out certain instruments. In fact, the first sound that I noticed was the piano, then the trombone and the clarinet. Their harmonized sound is very distinct. Just as the lyrics, I am sure if you were to hear just the instrumental portion you would recognize it right away. Overall Louis Armstrong made some great music during his time. Songs like, What a Wonderful World, were commercialized, and put into movies. Disney, in fact, used quite a few songs by Mr. Armstrong in their movies. Sadly, music is not created this way anymore. Many artists use digital recording today, but that was not available for people like Mr. Armstrong and others. Mr. Armstrong also has a strong live performance. You can tell by his facial expressions, and interaction with the audience. If only musicians today appreciated music, the way people did 20 or 30 years ago.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Process Essay - How to Get a Girl :: Process Essays

Every man’s dream is to have the perfect companion. However, in order to have one, you must first be able to get one. Most believe such a task can be extremely difficult, yet if done properly, it can be accomplished swiftly and efficiently. In fact, there are only a few basic procedures to getting a girl. The first step of this process is rather quite simple; get her attention. Initiating conversation is half the battle. As well, it is very effective to make frequent eye contact. Let her catch you staring once in a while and smile at every chance you get. Your goal is to be fairly subtle, while still making it obvious that you want her. Once you have succeeded in being noticed, you are ready for the next step. Be funny, be confident, but be yourself. The absolute worse thing you can do when trying to get a girl is to change your personality. Self-assurance is indispensable and by altering your character, you are telling her that you lack confidence. Having a sense of humor is also very important. It is absolutely crucial to make her smile, even if it occasionally requires making a fool of yourself. If you can’t make her laugh, you don’t stand a chance. Now that she’s interested, entice her by making her feel special. Without being too overwhelming, attempt to spend as much time as possible with her. Devote yourself to making her feel different than the rest by going out of your way to please her. Little things count most. For example, cancel a pre-planned weekend with the boys and take her out for dinner and a movie instead. Randomly buy her flowers and she will melt. Let her hear things she wants to hear. Compliment her hair or her outfit, but don’t go overboard. Too much of a good thing gets taken for granted. It’s also essential that you be interested, or pretend to be interested, in things she likes. If she plays sports watch her game, even in the pouring rain. Once she feels a little closer to you, it’s time for the final step. Probably the most difficult yet most important step to getting a girl is to keep her guessing. Although it sounds foolish, you must back off, tremendously. Play games with her head. Make her jealous by flirting with other girls, especially with her friends.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Dysfunctional Organizations Are Like Dysfunctional Families

Quality, timing, and cost will all usually be less favorable than planned. Projects will be routinely delayed, costs will routinely be revised upward, quality will be at risk of being forgotten in the quest for profitability and timeliness, products will be at risk of many and/or severe defects, and customer satisfaction will lag behind more capable and less dysfunctional competitors. Similarly, a dysfunctional family will have parallel problems with achieving its goals.An imbalance of power is a frequent cause of dysfunction in families. Imagine: a family with several children embarks on a big project, a trip to Ocracoke Island, for xample. If one child is more demanding, needy, or otherwise exceptional, and the family has developed a dysfunctional behavior pattern centered on that child, things will be disrupted and plans will not work out. The child may have to stop at every rest stop, and take a long time getting back into the car, delaying progress on the trip.The father may kno w the ferry schedule for getting to the island, and know when the family needs to be at the dock, but he may not be able to change the child's behavior, nor the behavior of the mother who caters too much to the demanding child. Random and unanticipated delays caused by the child, who has no understanding of the constraints the father faces, make them late and they miss the ferry, incurring additional cost of a night's stay on the mainland. An imbalance of power is also a problem for large companies.I have worked for companies in which one top manager or one function, product styling, for example, can cause a nearly-perfect parallel to the dysfunctional family. The product styling group knows when they need to finish the design, but their Job is to make the product look attractive, and they have so any people involved, from multiple levels of the organization, that they can't get it done on time. Top managers come through the studio to look at the new design, but, many having been en gineers and designers in the past, they each see something they feel needs to be changed.Since they don't come through the studio until the design is supposed to be nearly complete, their suggestions set back the design process, and the design is late. The engineers who have to integrate the design with functional parts are left to play â€Å"catch-up† with their designs, involving late changes, vertime, and a huge amount of rework to recast financial fgures, get revised quotes from suppliers, re-time the plans, etc. , etc. The suppliers, too, have to change their plans and designs and renegotiate with their suppliers in turn, and are delayed as well.Packaging, marketing materials, sales and service training classes, and many other efforts are all set back. Even if top management is understanding and â€Å"lets well takes sa'. n. y management at the top, executives or parents, to limit dysfunctional behavior and keep things on track. In my five different careers I have seen this same asic pattern repeated over and over, becoming nothing more than the standard way of doing business for some organizations. The only mitigating force I know of is having really sa'. . y upper management who understand how such things happen and are willing to actively work to avoid them. A smart top manager can rein in the overzealous designers, for example, and understand the principles of diminishing returns and the need to understand when â€Å"roughly right† is good enough. Similarly, the skilled parent can understand the problems caused by favoring one child over nother, and carefully manage the behavior of the individuals in the family so that the familys overarching goals are met.Maybe it's Just my experience, but I have seen that such skill and savvy are all too rare. Ethnic or national culture can be a significant factor in instances of dysfunction. Interestingly, management sa'. n. y and parenting skill are heavily influenced by cultural factors. In Western cultures where there is a strong value placed on individuality, managers can acquire the â€Å"gunslinger† mentality, which makes them think they have to do everything themselves and be the best at everything.With such managers collaboration and communication can suffer and, while they may be stars in their own right, the organization can suffer from the conflicts and snafus that will result. Similarly, in a strongly patriarchic culture, the father, feeling like he must be the all-knowing authority, may ignore the small child who hears the tire rumbling as it starts to go flat, and as a result miss the ferry due to a shredded tire and the time required to fix it.Organizations can become dysfunctional by promoting those who do extremely well. Some businesses promote engineers and designers who create great products to high level management ositions, and then some wonder why the organization does poorly. I have often noted that many engineers take this career direction because they don't like dealing with people, and would rather â€Å"stick their head in a machine† and make it work as nearly perfectly as possible than negotiate with other people.To take someone who, by their nature, hews to Jobs that avoid interaction with people and put them in a Job that requires excellent people skills is asking for trouble. They will not only be uncomfortable and unhappy, but they may not understand interpersonal and organizational behavior well, struggle, and not do a very good Job. At the same time, to go back to engineering would be a terrible demotion and pay cut, so they are stuck, often for decades, in a position for which they are only marginally suited.Many parents, like many executives, were never suited or well prepared for their roles. Similarly, many parents become that by accident, perhaps through lack of proper attention to contraception, or through social imperatives – older family members who lobby hard for grandchildren, for example. S ome parents had tough childhoods, for example, and never had the chance to witness good parenting as children, yet they ften find themselves responsible for a family with children and (perhaps) a spouse, and even elderly parents that need their care.In a society with little focus on or cultural knowledge around good parenting, they will be severely challenged to run a family effectively or avoid the mistakes that were perpetrated on them as children. Dysfunction tends to stick around and follow organizations and families. Thus, in creep in over time, and propagate forward from one generation or regime to the next. It is for this reason that sometimes a board of directors of a corporation will dismiss ot only a CEO but many of his reports as well, and bring in fresh management talent from outside the company to try to instill a new culture.While this is drastic and difficult in a business organization, it is even more difficult and disruptive to a family, and usually involves social service organizations and courts intervening in ways that may or may not produce better long term results for the family members. In both cases the situation must be extremely bad before such changes can be Justified, and a majority of such situations probably are never very well addressed.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Personal Finance Essay

Personal finance refers to the principal that is applied to the monetary decisions of an individual or a family unit. It addresses issues such as the ways in which the individuals or families obtain finance, budget, save and spend the monetary resources of a company over a given period of time while at the same time taking in account the financial risks and the future life events that are related to the businesses activities. The profits or loss of a company are derived by determining the incomes of a company and the expenses that are incurred by a company. If the incomes are more than the expenses the company generates profit for the company. If the expenses of the company are more than the incomes then the company incurs losses in the financial period of a company. Assumptions The income of Donna Terrell is estimated to be $3333 per month since it is assumed that he earns a salary that is equally distributed throughout the year. The expenses of Donna Terrell are also assumed to be evenly distributed throughout the year except in the months where Donna Terrell specified that the expenses were incurred in those months. After Sherman acquisition of his new job on June 2003 and his decision to assist Donna Terrell was a positive move since after the month of June the Donna’s business started to earn profits since in the previous months the business was incurring losses, but after June 2003 the company started to generate profits for the company, thus was in a position to run it affairs effectively (http://64. 233. 169. 104/search? q=cache:DmCJZy7zP6kJ) It is also assumed that Sherman would earn a salary that would be $1500 per the month that followed the month of June up to December 2003. In the first quarter of the year Donna business had been incurring losses from January to May 2008 since the amount of losses have been increasing rapidly since the expenses of the business were more than the incomes of the business. After Mr. Sherman decision to assist Mr. Donna in giving him financial assistance the business started to improve in its performance. The business incomes was greater than the expenses as from July to December of the Year 2003 and this contributed to the increased profits of the business as it continued with its operation until December 2003. As at December 2003 the Company had profits that were over $13000. The management of companies can run their activities if they ask for financial assistances from friends and also financial institutions since after the Mr. Sherman decision to assist Mr. Donna the performance of the company started to improve. The instances where the management of companies runs other business activities that generate revenue to a company this can contribute to the profitability of the company since the additional income increases the companies working capital that enables the company to generate as much revenue to the company hence its increased returns and finally this leads to the growth of the company. The management of companies should also plan their finances properly so as to avoid budget deficits as this can affect the performance of the company and also its reputation as this can result to reduce sales volume for a company hence in some cases due to the poor management of the companies finances the company go into liquidation that can lead to the closure of the company.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

The Social Organization

The late Professor Fiske, in his Outline of Cosmic Philosophy, made a very interesting remark about societies like those of China, ancient Egypt, and ancient Assyria. â€Å"I am expressing,† he said, â€Å"something more than an analogy, I am describing a real homology so far as concerns the process of development,–when I say that these communities simulated modern European nations, much in the same way that a tree-fern of the carboniferous period simulated the exogenous trees of the present time. So far as this is true of China, it is likewise true of Japan. The constitution of the old Japanese society was no more than an amplification of the constitution of the family,–the patriarchal family of primitive times. All modern Western societies have been developed out of a like patriarchal condition: the early civilizations of Greece and Rome were similarly constructed, upon a lesser scale.But the patriarchal family in Europe was disintegrated thousands of years ag o; the gens and the curia dissolved and disappeared; the originally distinct classes became fused together; and a total reorganization of society was gradually [230] effected, everywhere resulting in the substitution of voluntary for compulsory cooperation. Industrial types of society developed; and a state-religion overshadowed the ancient and exclusive local cults. But society in Japan never, till within the present era, became one coherent body, never developed beyond the clan-stage.It remained a loose agglomerate of clan-groups, or tribes, each religiously and administratively independent of the rest; and this huge agglomerate was kept together, not by voluntary cooperation, but by strong compulsion. Down to the period of Meiji, and even for some time afterward, it was liable to split and fall asunder at any moment that the central coercive power showed signs of weakness. We may call it a feudalism; but it resembled European feudalism only as a tree-fern resembles a tree.Let us first briefly consider the nature of the ancient Japanese society. Its original unit was not the household, but the patriarchal family,–that is to say, the gens or clan, a body of hundreds or thousands of persons claiming descent from a common ancestor, and so religiously united by a common ancestor-worship,–the cult of the Ujigami. As I have said before, there were two classes of these patriarchal families: the O-uji, or Great Clans; and the Ko-uji, or Little Clans.The lesser were branches of the greater, and subordinate to [231] them,–so that the group formed by an O-uji with its Ko-uji might be loosely compared with the Roman curia or Greek phratry. Large bodies of serfs or slaves appear to have been attached to the various great Uji; and the number of these, even at a very early period, seems to have exceeded that of the members of the clans proper. The different names given to these subject-classes indicate different grades and kinds of servitude.One name w as tomobe, signifying bound to a place, or district; another was yakabe, signifying bound to a family; a third was kakibe, signifying bound to a close, or estate; yet another and more general term was tami, which anciently signified â€Å"dependants,† but is now used in the meaning of the English word â€Å"folk. † †¦ There is little doubt that the bulk of the people were in a condition of servitude, and that there were many forms of servitude. Mr.Spencer has pointed out that a general distinction between slavery and serfdom, in the sense commonly attached to each of those terms, is by no means easy to establish; the real state of a subject-class, especially in early forms of society, depending much more upon the character of the master, and the actual conditions of social development, than upon matters of privilege and legislation. In speaking of early Japanese institutions, the distinction is particularly hard to draw: we are still but little informed as to the condition of the subject [232] classes in ancient times.It is safe to assert, however, that there were then really but two great classes,–a ruling oligarchy, divided into many grades; and a subject population, also divided into many grades. Slaves were tattooed, either on the face or some part of the body, with a mark indicating their ownership. Until within recent years this system of tattooing appears to have been maintained in the province of Satsuma,–where the marks were put especially upon the hands; and in many other provinces the lower classes were generally marked by a tattoo on the face.Slaves were bought and sold like cattle in early times, or presented as tribute by their owners,–a practice constantly referred to in the ancient records. Their unions were not recognized: a fact which reminds us of the distinction among the Romans between connubium and contubernium; and the children of a slave-mother by a free father remained slaves. * In the seventh ce ntury, however, private slaves were declared state-property, and great numbers were [233] then emancipated,–including nearly all–probably all–who were artizans or followed useful callings.Gradually a large class of freedmen came into existence; but until modern times the great mass of the common people appear to have remained in a condition analogous to serfdom. The greater number certainly had no family names,–which is considered evidence of a former slave-condition. Slaves proper were registered in the names of their owners: they do not seem to have had a cult of their own,–in early times, at least. But, prior to Meiji, only the aristocracy, samurai, doctors, and teachers–with perhaps a few other exceptions–could use a family name.Another queer bit of evidence or, the subject, furnished by the late Dr. Simmons, relates to the mode of wearing the hair among the subject-classes. Up to the time of the Ashikaga shogunate (1334 A. D. ), all classes excepting the nobility, samurai, Shinto priests, and doctors, shaved the greater part of the head, and wore queues; and this fashion of wearing the hair was called yakko-atama or dorei-atama–terms signifying â€Å"slave-head,† and indicating that the fashion originated in a period of servitude. [*In the year 645, the Emperor Kotoku issued the following edict on the subject:– The law of men and women shall be that the children born of a free man and a free woman shall belong to the father; if a free man takes to wife a slave-woman, her children shall belong to the mother; if a free woman marries a slave-man, the children shall belong to the father; if they are slaves of two houses, the children shall belong to the mother. The children of temple-serfs shall follow the rule for freemen. But in regard to others who become slaves, they shall be treated according to the rule for slaves. –Aston's translation of the Nihongi, Vol. II, p. 202. ] About t he origin of Japanese slavery, much remains to be learned.There are evidences of successive immigrations; and it is possible that some, at least, of the earlier Japanese settlers were reduced by later invaders to the status of servitude. Again, [234] there was a considerable immigration of Koreans and Chinese, some of whom might have voluntarily sought servitude as a refuge from worse evils. But the subject remains obscure. We know, however, that degradation to slavery was a common punishment in early times; also, that debtors unable to pay became the slaves of their creditors; also, that thieves were sentenced to become the slaves of those whom they had robbed. Evidently there were great differences in the conditions of servitude.The more unfortunate class of slaves were scarcely better off than domestic animals; but there were serfs who could not be bought or sold, nor employed at other than special work; these were of kin to their lords, and may have entered voluntarily into serv itude for the sake of sustenance and protection. Their relation to their masters reminds us of that of the Roman client to the Roman patron. [*An edict issued by the Empress Jito, in 690, enacted that a father could sell his son into real slavery; but that debtors could be sold