Egypt Essay Example For Students

Egypt Essay I AM VISITING THE COUNTRY OF EGYPT. EGYPT IS A COUNTRY IN AFRICA. THE EGYPTIAN NAME FOR EGYPT IS JUMHURIYAT MISR AL-ARABIYAH, MISR IS THE EGYPTIAN WORD FOR EQYPT. THE NATIONAL CAPITAL IS CAIRO. THE LOCATION OF EGYPT IS IN NORTHERN AFRICA, BORDERING THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA, BETWEEN LIBYA AND THE GAZA STRIP. EGYPTIAN LAND IS A TOTAL OF 995450 SQ. KM AND 6,00 SQ. KM. EGYPT IS ALMOST MORE THAN THREE TIMES THE SIZE OF NEW MEXICO. THE COASTLINE IS 2,450 KM. CLIMATE: THE CLIMATE IS DESERT TYPE, HOT, DRY SUMMERS WITH MODERATE WINTERS. THE TEMPERATURES DURING TH SUMMER RANGE FROM 114 DEGREES DURING DAY LIGHT TO A MINIMUM OF 42 DEGREES AFTER SUNSET. DURING THE WINTER SEASON THE TEMPERATURE DROPS TO 32 DEGREES.THE MOST HUMID AREA IS ALONG THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST, THE AVERAGE RAINFALL IS ABOUT 8 INCHES.CAIRO RECEIVES ON AVERAGE ONLY ABOUT 1.1INCHES OF RAIN A YEAR. THE TERRAIN IS A VAST DESERT PLATEAU INTERRUPTED BY NILE VALLEY AND DELTA. NATURAL RESOURCES: EGYPT HAS A LOT OF DIFFERENT MINERAL DEPOSITS SUCH AS GOLD, RED GRANITE PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS, IRON ORE, PHOSPHATES, MANGANESE, LIMESTONE, GYPSUM, TALC, ASBESTOS, LEAD, AND ZINC. NATURAL GAS IS ALSO FOUND IN EGYPT. NATURAL HAZARDS: EGYPT HAS NATURAL HAZARDS SUCH AS PERIODIC DROUGHTS, FREQUENT EARTHQUAKES, FLASH FLOODS, LANDSLIDES, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, BAD WINDSTORMS CALLED KHAMSIN THEY USUALLY OCCUR IN SPRING, DUST STORMS, SANDSTORMS. POPULATION: The population of Egypt is 66,050,004. The majority of Egyptians are eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily It is alian and French) 1%.Religions: Islam is the official religion, and about 90% of all Egyptians are Muslims, most of them are members of the Sunni sect. The Coptic Orthodox Church (similar to Christians) has no more than 3 million members. Copts has 7 million members. 1 million people belong to the Greek orthodox, Roman Catholic, Armenian, and a lot of protestant churches. This country has a very small Jewish community. Languages: the official language is Arabic. Berber is spoken in a few villages in the western parts. English and French is understood by educated classes. Education: primary and secondary schooling is free, the same is for public universities and technical schools. Ages 6 to 11 schooling is necessary. Age 15 and over can read and write. Crime: Egypt is A TRANSIT POINT FOR SOUTHWEST ASIAN AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN HEROIN AND OPIUM MOVING TO EUROPE AND THE US; POPULAR TRANSIT STOP FOR NIGERIAN COURIERS. Economy: Egypt is mostly an agricultural country, with about 40 percent of the labor force employed in crop farming or herding. The results of Egyptian farmlands are just about the highest in the world. They grow rice, tomatoes, wheat, maize, sugarcane, potatoes, and oranges. The live stock populations in early 1990 are 3 million cattle, 3 million buffalo, 4.4 million sheep, 4.8 million goats, 1.6 million donkeys, and 44 million chickens. Egypt also has a big fishing industry. In the early 1990s the annual catch was about 298,000 metric tons. The most productive areas are the shallow deltaic lakes, Birkat Qarun, and the Red Sea. They catch a wide Varity of fish. Government: Egypt is governed by a constitution declared on September 11, 1971. The constitution provides for an Arab socialist state with Islam as the official rel igion. It also stresses social solidarity, equal opportunity, and popular control of production. Bibliography:

Business Strategy for Analysis of Wesfarmers †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Business Strategy for Analysis of Wesfarmers. Answer: Introduction: Wesfarmers is one of the leading organizations in Australia, and as a 102 year old organization, Wesfarmers has been dominating the retail market of Australia as well as New Zealand. Besides, the organization, headquartered in Perth, Western Australia, the organization deals with the production of fertilizers, chemicals, industrial products and many more. The organization employing as many as 2,00,000 people across Western Australian and New Zealand, the organization boasts of 4,00,000 shareholders, and owing to the diverse market, the organization has even greater prospect to flourish in future. Keeping this in consideration, it is important to conduct the environmental analysis of the organization (David and David 2016). Discussion: The importance of environmental analysis of an organization cannot be overemphasized. It helps an organization to comprehend and analytically evaluate the strategies necessary for the survival and growth of an organization. As far as Wesfarmers is concerned, the internal analysis of the organization will help it in identifying the factors within the organization that can enable the organization enjoy sustainable competitive advantage. Hence, the application of the SWOT analysis method is highly beneficial here. With the help of the SWOT analysis method, Wesfarmers will be able to gain an insight into the strength, weakness, opportunity as well as threat of the organization (Grant 2016). SWOT Analysis of Wesfarmers: Strength Weakness Wesfarmers enjoys a diversified market, and as such the organization, with a huge variety of diverse business, comprising of Coles, Target, and many more, can easily experience persistent growth without the impact of industry downturn. The organization is one of the most reputed organizations in the world, and it has earned huge brand recognition over the years. The organization enjoys an exceptionally high growth rate in the market. The organization has as many as 4,00,000 shareholders. The organization has a strong presence in Australia, and hence as a large scale industry, the organization encounters strong business risk. The profit making capacity of the organization is not as strong as it could be and the operating profit of the organization has been suffering a steady rate of decline since the last few years. For example, from the year of 2006 to 2007, the net profit of the organization dropped from $772.5 million, to $618.1 million (Kenny 2013). The organization also operates in a highly competitive market. The current financial crisis of Australia may harm the financial stability of the organization (Yuan 2013). Opportunity Threat Global expansion will help the organization enhance its revenue and profitability, and as a widely recognized organization, it will be easier for Wesfarmers to establish itself beyond Australia and New Zealand. The organization can enhance quality and its service. The income level of the consumers is at a constant increase. The cost of the raw material is increasing rapidly in Australia. Huge competition from rival organizations, such as Woolworths, MetaCash Limited, Myer, and others (Biddle 2016). Stakeholder Analysis: It is crucial for Wesfarmers to analyze the stakeholders of the organization. The organization has a huge number of stakeholders, such as shareholders, consumers, employees, government and media. The stakeholders are the main assets of any organization, and hence understanding their expectations is highly important. The consumers of any organization play an important role, and hence insufficient consumer involvement can be highly detrimental to the growth of an organization. The organization has conducted sufficient market research, which has helped it to evaluate the expectations of the consumers in a highly competitive market. The organization has recently invested an enormous amount of money for offering its service via online channels (Hackshall 2013). The organization has improved its optimism about retail sales, via the introduction of online shopping platforms. Besides, the employees also play a vital role in the organizational success of Wesfarmers. The organization has been providing on-job training so as to help the employees improve and enhance their professional skills. The quality of the workers increases with the opportunities they get to groom and enhance their professional skills. Further, the organization also employs a diverse workforce that allows it to hire people from various ethnic groups, such as Aboriginal Island and Torres Strait Island as well. One of the best features of the employee engagement policy of Wesfarmers is that the organization adopts a diverse workforce, not only in terms of cultural diversity but gender diversity as well. As far as the consumers and the employees are concerned, Wesfarmers is successful in exercising a positive impact on the stakeholders. The organization communicates and updates each piece of information as well as the relevant procedures to the concerned stakeholders. The managing authority of Wesfarmers believes in adopting the most effective communication strategy that will help it in communicating ea ch of its strategies or achievements to the stakeholders. Hence, the organization prepares and submits annual as well as half-yearly reports and announcements via the ASX (James 2013). External Environmental Analysis: Apart from the internal factors, Wesfarmers is also required to identify and assess the external factors of an organization, bot at the micro as well as in the macro level. The major advantage of the external environmental analysis is that it will help Wesfarmers understand as well as to evaluate the size and opportunity of growth in the market, the intensity of the competition existing among the rival organizations, and to estimate the impact of the market condition on the profit earning capacity of the organization. PESTEL Analysis In order to conduct an external environmental analysis, Wesfarmers is primarily required to conduct the PESTEL analysis. The PESTEL analysis of an organization explains the framework of macro-environmental factors, such as the political factors of the economic factors that directly influence the growth or profitability of an organization. The PESTEL analysis of Wesfarmers is as follows: Political: By the political factors, is implied the extent to which the government of a country plays an important role in influencing the business of an organization, in the form of taxes, or other legal regulations. Coal mining is an important department of Wesfarmers, and it should be remembered that the federal government of Australia has made it mandatory that the exploitation of the mining industry has to be approved by the state government of the respective state. The government t policies of Australia are more focused on the elimination of the trade protectionism, and restrictive policies, and as a result free trade can be conducted by the foreign organizations much more conveniently by the foreign organizations. This policy of free trade may not facilitate the economic growth of Wesfarmers, as a large number of non-Australian retail sectors may get easy entry into the market. This can definitely imply huge competition for Wesfarmers (Antonini 2016). Economic : The economic factors of an organization , such as interest rates, exchange rates, inflation rate can largely affect the growth of an organization. Service sector plays an important role in the market of Australia, and in fact it is noteworthy that 71.1 % of the GDP of Australia is being contributed by the service sector only. Finance and service are the two most important service organizations in Australia, an keeping this into consideration, it can be stated that the insurance market of Wesfarmers can enjoy a highly profitable position in the market of Australia. Social: The social environment of Australia also plays an immensely important role for the future growth of Wesfarmers. Social factors such as demographics, cultural trends, population analytics play an important role in the success of an organization. It is important to note here that most of the citizens of Australia tend to rely on one-stop shopping method. The Australians usually prefer to buy the necessary items in large quantity once in every week, so that it can suffice for the rest of the week. Hence, it is favorable for Wesfarmers to have the supermarkets and departmental store chains in Australia (Chan et al. 2013). Technological:. It should be remembered that sustainable method of conducting business, plays an extremely important role in Australia. Hence, organizations such as Wesfarmers also are required to rely more on technologically progressive means of production that can help the nation maintain its ecological sustainability in future. Keeping this in mind, it is important to note here that Wesfarmers has adopted the use of low emission coal technology which is an innovative change that is expected to sustain the business in future. Coal mining, energy, chemicals and fertilizer production are some of the most important areas Wesfarmers works in, and hence good technological foundation as well as continuous innovation is highly needed for the future development of the enterprise (Luftman 2013). Legal: There is a variety of new laws ruling and governing the trade system of Australia, such as the labor law business laws, resource law and many more. The organization is required to abide by each, while conducting trade. Environmental: Ecological sustainability plays an integral role in the process of conducting business in Australia, and hence organizations such as Wesfarmers has been creating value for its consumers for its shareholders via sincere engagement for a wide range of environmental issues, such as prevention of environmental pollution, conservation of energy, and many more. It is noteworthy here that the organization operates its business activities in accordance with the 10 Community and Environmental Impact Principles that sets the guideline to the organization for energy efficient means of production. The in initiatives undertaken by the organization, for ensuring community well-being, decreasing product packaging, or maintenance of ecological sustainability help the organization conduct business smoothly in Australia (Islam et al. 2016). Porters Five Force Analysis and Wesfarmers: In order to adopt the most effective strategy required to enhance the competitiveness of the business organization, the Five Forces Analysis of Wesfarmers is needed: Threat of New Entrants: Wesfarmers is one of the most recognized organizations in Australia, that deals with the production and retail trade of various items, such as energy, industrial and safety chemicals, fertilizers, hardware, insurance and many more. Hence, it can be understood that Wesfarmers has a higher entry obstruction as far as its competitors are concerned. Owing to its recognition, and brand awareness as well as its diverse market, the threat of new entrant is low (Dobbs 2015). Supplier Power: Wesfarmers avails its resources from different markets, as a result of its diverse variety of products it deals with, however it should be remembered that there is only a limited competition in the supplier market of Wesfarmers. Hence, this can be a major obstruction for Wesfarmers, as the organization is depended on too many suppliers at a time (James 2013). Buying Power: Wesfarmers regularly conducts sufficient market research to understand the changing expectations and modern trends of the buyers. The organization also promotes its sustainable approach of conducting business that fetches further recognition to an already recognized organization like Wesfarmers. Hence, the buyer power is moderate, given the strategy adopted by Wesfarmers, despite the competitive market the organization operates in (Hubbard 2014). Competitive Rivalry: Wesfarmers is still one of the most recognized organizations of Australia, and it is needless to state that the organization is absolutely dominating the Australian retail market. The organization is already enjoying competitive advantage in the region, and hence the risk of competitive rivalry is low for the organization (Silva 2012). Threats of Substitutes: The threat of being substituted was undoubtedly high for Wesfarmers even in the last few years, however, the organization has adopted environment friendly, energy efficient method of production and has introduced a very high quality consumer service that can is sure to provide the organization with competitive advantage. Hence, the threat of substitute is low (Booth and Coveney 2015). Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be concluded that Wesfarmers enjoys a very strong position in Australia, and the organization has a huge prospect to flourish in future as well. The environmental analysis of the organization is a strategic tool that helps in assessing and analyzing the internal as well as external factors that facilitate or threaten the market condition of the organization. Wesfarmers is one of the leading names in the retail industry of Australia, however, it is important for the organization to be aware of its strength, weakness, competencies and other requirements so that it can bring about the desirable improvement in the organization. Again, at the same time, the organization will need to adopt the necessary strategy to sustain itself in a highly competitive market, and hence the organization must also conduct external analysis to have a comprehensive knowledge about the economic trends of the market, rival giants as well as the opportunities and threats in the r etail market of Australia. Reference List: Antonini, C., 2016. An empirical analysis of environmental externalities incidence on financial performance. Biddle, I., 2016. The Wesfarmers/Woolworths duopoly war: The Bunnings vs. Masters battle.Busidate,24(3), p.3. Booth, S. and Coveney, J., 2015. Big FoodThe Industrial Food System. InFood Democracy(pp. 3-11). Springer Singapore. Chan, E., Yau, O.H. and Chan, R., 2013. Consumer sentiment in Australia: a replication and cross national comparison.Asia Pacific International Journal of Marketing. da Silva, M., 2012. A broad business challenge-Sustainable Company of the Year.Ethical Investor, (98), p.14. David, F. and David, F.R., 2016. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), pp.32-45. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Hackshall, D., Kassis, N. and Sutherland, J., 2014. Putting the customer first.CIO, (Spring 2014), p.16. Hubbard, G., Rice, J. and Galvin, P., 2014.Strategic management. Pearson Australia. Islam, M.A., Jain, A. and Haque, S., 2016. A Preliminary Analysis of Australian Governments Indigenous Reform Agenda Closing the Gapand Corporate Accountability. InKey Initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility(pp. 341-354). Springer International Publishing. James, D., 2013. Supermarket self-regulation is a joke.Eureka Street,23(24), p.55. James, H., 2013. Tag Archives: Strategic Management.Evolutionary Theory. Kenny, G., 2013. The stakeholder or the firm? Balancing the strategic framework.Journal of Business Strategy,34(3), pp.33-40. Luftman, J., Zadeh, H.S., Derksen, B., Santana, M., Rigoni, E.H. and Huang, Z.D., 2013. Key information technology and management issues 20122013: an international study.Journal of Information Technology,28(4), pp.354-366. Yuan, H., 2013. A SWOT analysis of successful construction waste management.Journal of Cleaner Production,39, pp.1-8.

Can I Really Write an APA Essay Without Understanding These Differences?

Can I Really Write an APA Essay Without Understanding These Differences?There are so many differences between APA style essay and standard academic writing that you will probably find it hard to comprehend the difference. It is important that you understand these differences to make sure that you follow them to the letter when you write your own APA essay.First, you have to realize that there are two different questions that you need to answer in order to create a meaningful piece of writing. The first is the critical analysis question, which is what separates every APA essay from a standard academic writing assignment. The second is the information structure question, which is more related to the writing assignments in higher education. Most college professors, writers, and editors use this question as part of their main review of an essay.This is a common mistake when writing your own APA essay. This question should be used only as a guideline. You should never use it as a standard to judge whether your essay is being written correctly or not.The most important thing to remember when you write your own APA essay is to remember that the style of your essay is completely dependent on the topic. So, if you choose to write an essay about business or marketing, then use the same question format that most professors would use when reviewing a student's thesis or dissertation. If you choose to write an essay about political theory, then you should write using a different structure that would be used by a non-political writer.When you are working on your thesis and dissertation, you should be sure to ask yourself what you are trying to accomplish. What kind of questions would best be answered by a professional academic? What kind of questions would best be answered by someone who has been reading books for years?These are the questions that you need to consider because they will help you determine how to structure your essay so that it will better help you answer the questions you have. This is why you should always be trying to use the structure that a 'non-academic' would use to structure his or her essays. When you use the format and structure of a non-academic, you will be able to find that there are many similarities between you and the people who are writing the essays.This is why you need to remember that you are writing your own document. Do not be afraid to deviate from the original structure and format used by people who wrote the essay to better suit your needs.

The Kurds in Modern Iraq

Introduction Kurds are people who originated from Indian and European races. They reside in the hilly regions of the borders between Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. This region where the Kurds live is referred to as Kurdistan. They have a different culture from their neighboring people in Iraq.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Kurds in Modern Iraq specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also have a different language of their own. Their language is quite related to Persia, although it differs by some two dialects. Their main religion is Sunni Muslim although they accommodate some Christian, Jewish, and Yazidis religious groups among them. Their total population by the 1987 census was 19.7 million people in the Kurdistan region. Their population in the entire world numbers at 25-35 million people, although their estimated population usually varies. They are spread out especially in Russia and Europe. Kurdis poli cies of nationalism have continued to worry Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran. During Saddam Hussein’s regime, the Kurds suffered atrocities under this administration. Their independence was minimized especially during the Gulf war of 1991. Their good relationship with Iraq became questionable when Saddam Hussein was overthrown in the year 2003. They have since been making several attempts to self govern themselves. Currently, they have around eight political parties that are actively involved in all political issues. These political parties are the major machines they use to drive them to their homelands. As we speak, the Kurds are ruled by one government called the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). This government began to reign in 1991 and is still operational to date. Their success story made a major leap forward by the death of former Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein. Since then, the United States has been helping the Kurds in reconstruction and ensuring their security is g uaranteed. It is also purported that should the security of Kurds be threatened by bloodshed and destruction from Iraq, the United States will gear up in support for an independent Kurdish state. Recent History of Kurds The Kurds are sometimes referred to as a people without a nation because they are unarguably the largest ethnic group without a country of their own. From the time the modern state of Iraq was created, the Kurd’s history has been characterized with instances of underdevelopment, political turmoil and cultural repression, destruction, revolutionary revolts and ethnic cleansing. Genocide has also characterized the Kurd’s society.Advertising Looking for research paper on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Iraq has been engaged in major campaigns to obliterate the Kurd’s synergetic approach towards gaining independence. Many people have been killed and scores injured when Saddamâ⠂¬â„¢s administration ear marked the Kurdish society for destruction. The main aim of these attacks was to thwart any efforts by the Kurds to arise against the national government. Thus, resistance movements were countered with rigorous military operations by the Iraqi government. In post-Saddam Iraq, many political and ethnic issues have arisen in relation to Kurd’s assimilation into the Iraqi state. Many opinions have been given concerning how this issue should be dealt with. Some people have been supporting the formation of five-state Iraq with the region occupied by the Kurd’s forming one of the states. Another option includes the northern self governing section organized not on ethnic basis but on regional basis. It is quite important to note that some of the neighboring countries have not been in support of an independent Kurd state. Turkey as an example has been strongly opposing this fight for freedom[1]. The modern history of the Kurdish people is therefore ex amined in two phases. The first one is the phases of the fight between the Kurdish populace and the governments, which they are subject for control. The second involves the struggle of the Kurds to become a sound community[2]. The Kurds during Saddam’s Reign The contemporary Kurd’s history during Saddam Hussein’s reign can only discuss the events that happened during Saddam Hussein’s last years of dictatorship. These are the years 2000 up to 2003 in Iraqi’s history. Saddam’s reign was characterized by Kurd’s repression. There were secret police tortures, murders, forced disappearance and the use of chemical weapons. Assassinations were also common during this period. Saddam’s methods of eliminating Kurd’s resistance included gassing. Up to the year of his death, there were still many widespread imprisonments. Political participation was only allowed to those politicians who belonged to the Baath Party. It is amazing that this political party consisted of only 8% of the total population of Iraq. Hussein’s administration had also made numerous torture centers where citizens considered resistant to the national government use to be tortured. The Kurds in Post-Saddam Iraq The Kurds have been the most pro-US group in Iraq since time immemorial. They welcomed the U.S invasion of Iraq thereafter cooperating with the U.S political and military officials. In return to this, the Kurds have been expecting the U.S to support them in their fight for self governance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Kurds in Modern Iraq specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is the reason as to why they do not want the United States to leave Iraq without proper arrangement so that the United States does not abandon Iraq and the Kurds[3]. Turkey refused to support the U.S invasion from the beginning. However, the country has expressed her su pport in the withdrawal project that will end in the year 2011. Since the invasion of the U.S led troops to Iraq, the Kurds entered into active post-Saddam national politics on equal footing with Iraq’s Arabs. They did this by participating in a U.S-led occupation administration. This government operated under a ‘Transition Administrative Law’. The constitution also preserved the Kurds’ self-governing ‘Kurdistan (Religion) Government’ and its supremacy to modify the application of some (national) laws. Another provision of this constitution permitted the Kurds to continue to field their militia numbering close to one hundred thousand. The Kurds continued their support of the constitution (in the year 2005) for the reason that this charter seemed to fulfill their momentous demands. The endorsement of this constitution by the Kurds was also because it also included the Kurd’s insistence on federalism. This allowed for the formal creation of regions that had their own regional governments. The constitution recognized the presence of three Kurdish regions which are Dohuk, Irbil, and Sulaymaniyah as legal regions. This constitution appears to have given the Kurds more strength in relation to politics. Many controversies arose concerning the political assertion of the Kurds and the system of governance by the central government. Thus, Iraqi minority groups would later protest at this excessive assertion of demands by the Kurds arguing that it threatened Iraqi’s integrity. On the other hand, the Kurd’s believed that the central government’s system of leadership is not living up to its promises to build a diverse multi ethnic democracy[4]. Political Orientation of the Kurds A short history of the Kurdish political parties shows that the mainstream Shiite Islamic parties are the main parties that boast a huge membership of the Kurds. The main reason as to why Kurds have been politically oriented in the se parties is because they seemed to be yielding to their demands. However, in the year 2008, the Kurds began to break with Da’wa party headed by Maliki. This was because he failed to accede to their main demands. The main demands that were not redressed were issues concerning terrorist activities in the northern parts of Iraq[5].Advertising Looking for research paper on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Maliki offset by reproving the Kurds that they were trying to practice issues that were unconstitutional[6] outside their protective limits and setting up Kurds envoy offices in alien nations. For these reasons, the Kurds representative and the Iraqi prime minister stayed for more than a year before meeting in 2009. Since then, it has been reported by observers that the main Kurdish factions are no longer king makers in central government politics. This was evident when the number of seats held by the two main factions was reduced from 53 to 43, between the year 2006 and 2010. Currently, there has been a lot of political bickering within the Kurdish factions. This is why up until now; there has been no executive branch that has been chosen among the main parties seven months after the elections. The effect of this relationship is that it has reduced the straggle for self governance by the Kurds. Thus, Kurdish independence is not an active source of friction between the two factions. However, the issue still remains to be of topical concern to Iraqi’s neighbors that have Kurds minorities. The Betrayal of the Kurds There have been many instances by both the local government of Iraq and foreign governments have done that have been taken as acts of betrayal of the Kurds. The Kurds have been considered as a vulnerable ethnic group existing in many countries neighboring Iraq and beyond. The U.S has been involved in major operations aimed at guaranteeing security to this marginalized community. From the time of President George W. Bush senior through the Obama administration, things have been taking different twists and turns for the Kurds. When the United States declared her mission to topple Saddam, the Kurds expressed their willingness to join in the exercise. They encouraged the United States in this operation thereby advising them to send notes in major Iraqi cities that announced that the United States were coming as liberators. In this action, the Kurds were fighting against the repression that was being propagated by the Iraqi regime and the Turkish authorities[7]. The Kurds also experienced some acts of betrayal from the Palestinian people. The argument goes this way. The Palestinian people have been strongly opposing the idea of formation of a state for the Kurdish people. Yet, as a matter of fact, the Palestinians have been in a strong demand for their autonomy in Israeli soil. Taking into consideration that the Kurdish people outnumber the Palestinians in population, the double mouthed Palestinians ought to either support the autonomy of the Kurds or they stop demanding for their autonomy from the Israeli’s. Thus the betrayals have arisen due to the souring deal between the Kurds and the U.S.A, and between the Kurds and the Turkish administration. The Kurds expected the United States to act in favor of their demand for autonomy as a way of reciprocating. Also the United States has been accused by the Kurds of supportin g the establishment of an antidemocratic leadership in Iraq. The U.S.A has also been accused further, of supporting Turkish administration in anti autonomous Kurds campaign. The Unknown Oppression of the Kurds The Kurds are reported to be treated not quite well in all the surrounding countries that they occupy. Some of the nations have been treating them badly because the Kurds have been resisting the efforts their host countries have been making in trying to assimilate them into their citizenry. The Kurds do not want to be called Arabs. They are therefore treated as second class citizens. In Iraq, the situation has seemingly subsided. However, in neighboring countries such as Turkey, the situation is worse because the Turkish administration has denied the existence of the Kurdish nation. Thus, these states have been trying to force Kurds out of Kurdish lands because they cannot put up with the truth that the states themselves are occupying Kurdish lands. The other unknown oppressio n comes in form of a place called Kurdistan. Kurdistan is that part of the country between Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq that does not have a border[8]. According to these countries, it is that mountainous region with basic natural features such as canyons. It remains unclear whether Kurdistan will revive as was the case with Poland (after two world wars)[9]. This is a fact that has been enhanced by the enactment of policies in the host countries to make the Kurds feel at home. Although the American and the British governments have been trying to protect the Kurds from such oppression, this has only been limited to human rights issues[10]. This is because military force is out of question since the action could be an infringement of the sovereignty of the states. Future Prospects of the Kurds It has become more and more difficult for the Kurds to gain complete self governance. The project has been rendered almost not feasible. Following the consequences of its effects, the Kurds woul d rather seek to improve and strengthen their position in relation to their autonomy within their regions. The restrictions from the international community especially, the European Union have worsened the situation. Worse still, the Kurds are found in other independent states like Turkey which appear to obliterate any attempts by their leaders that are geared at pushing for their autonomy[11]. However, they have been receiving support from human right activists and European Union programs that promote reforms. These programs have been pushing for the awarding of citizenship to Kurds who reside in Syria and Iran. However, the program is being slowed by the fragility of the European Union and the internal problems within the Syrian administration. The problem is also worsened by the issue of the United States troops in Iraq. The instability and murders on the Iraqi soil seem to put the future direction of Iraqi’s perspective on the Kurds quite uncertain. It is extremely hard f or there to be a peaceful multicultural administrative and political coexistence in the recently formed Iraqi government while at the same time recalling the unforgettable truths of the mass graves of the minority Kurds. It will also be difficult to oversee the raising Shia attempts, coupled with the strongly rebellious Iraqi accommodate this multicultural approach. However, should this phenomenon become feasible, it would offer a good example for Turkey, Iran and Syria to internalize this idea within their systems. By doing this, the Kurds in these countries will be saved. The Fight for Self Governance by the Kurds The Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) is currently ruling the northern regions of Iraq occupied by the Kurds. The KRG is however not completely autonomous because it depends on financial support from Baghdad. The KRG controls the three provinces dominated by the Kurds namely, Dahuk, Irbil and Sulaymaniya[12]. This government however has a share of its own troubles. There have been some cases of corruption and poor governance within the KRG. This government does not have its own resources. It has thus been forced to depend entirely on Baghdad’s economy for its survival. The KGR has a large measure of autonomy in these three regions. It is responsible for the primary legislative, budgetary and administrative authority. It is worth noting that the Kurdish Regional Government is still drafting a constitution even as we speak. The constitution will be tabled in the regional parliament for amendments and approval. The regional parliament is the supreme authority of the KRG. It has been in operation since the year 1992 when Saddam’s forces were largely forced out of the Kurdish region. The Kurdish Regional Government still has a weak parliament that is however, gradually growing stronger by and by. Its strength has been exemplified when in 2007, for the first time, the parliament summoned some cabinet ministers for questioning on many occasi ons. In early 2008, the parliament received a detailed current government budget with just enough lead time to allow some real debate. This was also the first time such an instance ever happened since the formation of the KRG[13]. It should also be noted that the parliament and the executive perform their functions under a form of joint management by the two top traditional Iraqi Kurdish political parties. These parties are the KDP, led by the president of KRG, and the PUK, led by the Iraqi president. Conclusion Kurds are people who originated from Indian and European races. They reside in the hilly regions of the borders between Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. This region where the Kurds live is referred to as Kurdistan. They have a different culture from their neighboring people in Iraq and other neighboring countries. From the time the modern state of Iraq was created, the Kurd’s history has been punctuated with instances of underdevelopment, political turmoil and cultural repress ion, destruction, revolutionary revolts and ethnic cleansing. Assassinations were also common during this period. Saddam’s methods of eliminating Kurd’s resistance included gassing. Up to the year of his death, there were still many widespread imprisonments. The future of the Kurds seems to be oblique in relation to their fight for their autonomy. Kurds would rather seek to improve and strengthen their position in relation to their autonomy within their regions due to internal and external factors. Internal factors include instances of corruption and other malpractices in public offices. External factors include foreign government policies that are against the formation of an autonomous Kurdish state. Bibliography Cagaptay, Soner. The Future of the Iraqi Kurds. The Washington Institute Of Near East Policy. Policy focus#85. July 2008. Carkoglu, Ali. Turkey’s November 2002 Elections: A New Beginning. Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol, 6 No. 4 â€⠀œ December 2002 Gasper, Phil. â€Å"The Betrayal of the Kurds.† Third World Traveler, April 2003,  http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Global_Secrets_Lies/Betrayal_Kurds.html . Izardy, Mehrdad. A Concise Handbook: The Kurds. Washington D.C: Taylor Francis, Inc, 1992. Katzman, Kenneth. The Kurds in Post-Saddam Iraq. Congressional Research Service. CRS Report for Congress. October 1, 2010. McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds, 3rd Edition. London: I.B. Tauris Co Ltd, 2007. Natalie, Denis. The Kurds and the State: Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey, And Iran. Ed.1. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2005. O’Leary, Brendah, McGarry, John Salih, Khaled. The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. Students institute for international global affairs. Kurds: the history of oppression and future prospects. Articles and Interviews, March 15, 2009. Footnotes Middle East Review of International Affa irs, Vol, 6 No. 4 – December 2002. McDowall, David. P. 1 Katzman, Kenneth. P 5 The multi ethnic democracy allowed the Kurds full rights and redresses the perceived abuses of the Saddam era. This rift widened so much that one of the Kurd,s leaders would be seen on a local television program accusing Maliki of trying to monopolize power. These are the Kurds militia Gasper, Phil Izady, Mehrdad, p. 3 O’Leary, Brendah, McGarry, John Salih, Khaled. p. 7 Natalie, Denis, p. 175 Students institute for international global affairs. Cagaptay, Soner, p 2 Cagaptay, Soner, p. 4 This research paper on The Kurds in Modern Iraq was written and submitted by user Shayla R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Vietnam war Essay examples

Vietnam war Essay examples Vietnam war Essay examples Eli Loewenstern Period 2 2/24/15 Military Innovations in the Vietnam War No Regard for Human Life The Vietnam War started on November 1, 1955 and ended on April 30, 1975. In that time a shocking 1.3 million to 3.9 million people died. America got involved in the war because of its goal to stop the spread of communism, and it was willing to do anything to achieve its mission. It wasn’t just the large amount of people that died that made the war so horrific, but it was the manner in which they died. Due to the use of chemical warfare, the increased use of air strikes, and the use of advanced weaponry, the Vietnam War was the most brutal war and caused the most horrific deaths in American history (Vietnam War). When President Lyndon B. Johnson escalated American involvement in the war in 1965 the American military did not have any regards for the citizens, soldiers, or land of North Vietnam. This was shown through America’s use of chemicals during the war. The two most common chemical concoctions were Napalm and Agent Orange. Napalm is a mixture of plastic polystyrene, gasoline, and hydrocarbon benzene. This blend thickened the gasoline and was used in flamethrowers and firebombs. These devices were used to clear away the forests of Vietnam, and as weapons that would cause 3rd degree burns and would often lead to death (Napalm | Chemical Compound). Another chemical used during the war was Agent Orange. Agent Orange was a toxic herbicide used by the United States during Operation Ranch Hand. The goal of the operation was to cut off the Vietnamese farmers and soldiers from food and water as well to clear out the dense vegetation of the area. Agent Orange also had lots of side effects on the soldiers such as cancer and birth defects in newborn babies. The use of these chemicals showed the ruthless policies of the American army in their attempt to win the war (Napalm, Agent Orange). American commanders did not care what, or who was destroyed in their efforts to win the war, so the use of airstrikes became a common war tactic. The most used plane was the B-52 bomber. The bomber could carry more bombs than fighter planes and could fly from up to 30000 feet in the air. Which was effective because it put the plane out of range from gunfire and it was hard to spot. These bombers would often drop cluster bombs, which were bombs that would release seven million steel pellets. These pellets ripped through human flesh and were often inaccurate and killed innocent civilians (Hay). The use of these bombs showed that the United States had no regard for human life. Another symbol of the Vietnam War was the Huey Helicopter. It was known as a symbol of the war b ecause it changed modern day warfare and more than 7000 of them were used during

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